Pollution Effects and Counter Measures Essay Example for Free

Pollution Effects and recurrence Measures EssayThe impact of gentleman activity on our surroundings low animation non be denied. Many aspects of todays environmental problems be altogether now coming to light as scientists explore the causes and personal make of merciful impact on the macrocosm around us. Todays generation has seen both unwarranted incredulity and exaggeration on both sides of the debate on how close we ar to an environmental catastrophe. Although, as Frederick Buell wrote, as of today our world has non ended eco-apocalypse hasnt happened. Yet people today also accept the particular that they live in the shadow of environmental problems so severe that they stage a crisis (xii).While it is easier to earn the problems we face today by classifying human activity and its proceedss into neatly defined, cause-and- government issue relationships, it is measurable to realize that on the whole of these causes and heart and souls interact in a complex w eb to bring astir(predicate) an environmental crisis. That said, taint is matchless of the most widespread results of human activity, encom headspringing a b avenue range of substances with pervasive effects.The effect of pollutants on our environment is one and only(a) of the most widely publicized factors contri exclusivelying to its degradation. And deservedly so pollutants argon diverse, and contaminant takes numerous a(prenominal) forms, but the effect of unchecked contaminant is rapid, extensive, and often dramatic in its visual manifestations. Finally, in many a(prenominal) grammatical cases pollution defies geographical and political boundaries, making it an international concern, and keep backling it will require the occasion of citizens and organizations from all levels of society.Pollution involves the introduction of pollutants into the environment, and it is commonly organised into study categories air, solid ground, and piddle system based on which segment of the environment is modify. Other forms of pollution are classified based on the record of the pollutant, and these include light beam sickness pollution, biological pollution, and folie pollution. Scientists fool developed many ways of gauging the level of pollution, or of a circumstantial pollutant within the environment, but when one considers the direct impact of pollution on human health, it is video that matters more than the concentration of pollutants.In the environmental pathway, exposure to a certain concentration of a pollutant is what learns the actual social disease of the pollutant in the exposed individual, and this is what leads to possible health consequences (Akbar et al., 62). In many cases, pollution is an occupational hazard, posing the greatest danger to people who suffer the most exposure as part of their daily lives.With rough pollutants, however, the effects are indirect, not run intoing an individuals health, but impacting a societys re blood lines and preservation in subtle ways. Even with the increased environmental sentiency in modern society, it is surprising how many people still see nothing wrong simply because they are not directly affected by pollution. The purpose of this research is to give an overview of the distinguishable classes of pollution, how they affect society on different levels, and some(a) of the measures that disregard help oneself to obstruct or centre its spread.When one thinks of air pollution, perhaps the first stick out that comes to mind is that of a smog-filled skyline of a major city, through which a hazy sun however shines. However, exposure to the outdoor smog in a contaminate city is not the main seeded player of pollutant dosage. Most of the actual human exposure to air pollution occurs indoors, simply because that is where most people pass most of their time (Akbar et al., 61). Just as the health stake of exposures of polluted water grass be decrease by treatm ent, the risks posed by polluted air (namely, cardiovascular and respiratory disease) can be fall by using proper filters within homes and offices.While it is possible to keep the indoor air bore under control, improving atmospheric air quality will require a collective run on a often bigger scale. Major sources of worldwide pollutant emissions are industrial operations, power plants, road vehicles, forest fires, and the incineration of refuse. Vehicular emissions are not only limited to exhaust, but also include emissions from the dampen of tires and brakes and the road turn out itself, which makes it difficult to come up with an accurate estimate of total vehicular emissions.Many of these sources of emissions are similarly difficult to quantify, but the overall statistics show that air pollution issues are higher in developing countries, and above the national average in megacities (Akbar et al., 36). This reflects a general trend of better environmental awareness, and envi ronment protection chopines that take for been implemented for a longer time in well-developed, industrialized countries. For some pollutants, much(prenominal) as sulfur dioxide a product of the combustion of fossil fuels the worldwide trend shows a decrease, but for other emissions there is no such(prenominal) evidence (Akbar et al., 49).Clearly, although industrialized countries wish well America have been consciously reducing some emissions for a longer time than other countries in the developing world, there is much that still needs to be done on an international level. spring linked States Vice President Al Gore sums up the nature of the problem regarding the public postOur continued dependence of imported oilis connected to the same pattern that leads us to put 70 million wads of global warming pollution into the earths atmosphere e actually 24 hours around the world, as if it was an open sewer. And pretending that that doesnt have consequence, when theres signs to tell us it definitely doesthats really the essence of this problem. provided because its so pervasive, in order to variegate it, we really have to have a sea change in public opinion in this country and around the world before the politicians and the government leaders in every nation will have the courage to do what really is necessary. ( interrogate with Al Gore, 2007)The back up major category of pollution is soil pollution. The composition of soil is an important factor in an ecosystem, affecting what types of vegetation are able to take root and survive, and by extension, what species of animals will thrive in the area. defeat also retains water, and pollution of the soil often spreads to ground water tables. When soil is contaminated by pollutants ordinarily in the form of heavy metals that disrupt the balance and composition of the soil it is often harder to detect, and difficult to determine the extent of the pollution. Such contamination typically results from direct deposition of pollutants into the soil.Landfills and waste heaps contain pollutants which bit by bit leach into the soil, and some of the particles in polluted air fall to the ground, where water runoff and seepage can spread the pollutants and lodge them into the soil. Operations in the mining industry, when improperly managed, can cause long-term defame to the soil, and to the environment as a whole. Jared Diamond cites Montana as a case study of the vituperate that the mining industry can do to the environment, saying it has about 20,000 abandoned mines, some of them recent but many of them a century or more old, that will be leaking acid andtoxic metals canonically forever (36). In most cases, these mines have no surviving owners, or the owners are financially ineffective to reclaim their property and manage its wastes.The relationship between the soil and the rest of the environment is complex, and much stiff to be understood before a standard set of indicators and ben chmarks can be used to reminder the quality of all soils. While these subtle relationships and interactions are being actively studied by scientists, land management can be improved and better implemented to lessen the impact of activities such as agriculture and mining, by regulating waste disposal and promoting sustainable agricultural intrusts. As an example, many farmers physical exercise plowing their fields close to the edge of rivers or streams, and letting their livestock graze at the edge.This practice actually contributes to the erosion of riverbanks and diffusion of agricultural wastes into water. Careful management of land and soil resources can prevent soil erosion, which in turn will lessen the deposition of silt in freshwater areas that whitethorn be important habitats or breeding sites for species like salmon. (Environment Agency). Public pressure is necessary for the government to pass laws that will enforce mining companies to take charge of cleaning up their m ines the main responsibility lies with the American public, to be more active and vocal in protecting the environment (Diamond, 38).Waters properties as a solvent are familiar to everyone, thus it should not be surprising that water is peculiarly vulnerable to contamination. The flow of bodies of water, as well as water runoff from precipitation, can disperse a high flashiness of pollutants over the course of a form. Waters cycle in the environment has unique implications for the spread of pollution, and the various pollutants and contaminants of water comprise the third major category of pollution. Bodies of water can be polluted by point sources, such as sewage treatment plants, or they may be polluted through diffusion.Diffuse pollution can come from misconnected drains in households, leaching of surface wastes into groundwater, or runoff of toxic substances that have been deposited on land. Inland precipitation (in the form of rain) creates water runoff, which drains into lar ger bodies of water, carrying with it some deposited pollutants from the atmosphere and many untreated wastes that have been improperly abandoned of.Oil from roadways and motor vehicles, senseless agricultural fertilizer, and assorted litter from the land, can be washed into rivers and out to sea, where the scale of dispersal makes it very difficult to treat the pollution. In fact, the volume of pollution deposited by water from runoff can cash in ones chips that of an oil spill. In Puget Sound in the Pacific Northwest, for example, each year from 2000 to 2006 roughly 22,580 metric tons of oil and petroleum products are deposited by runoff, compared to less than 1,000 metric tons from direct oil spills (Dodge).The decline in quality of water quality leads to obvious consequences for human consumption. Freshwater with excessive levels of certain pollutants becomes unsafe to drink, and seawater can lose its ability to sustain biodiversity, negatively impacting the tiping industry . Agricultural runoff contains nitrates and phosphates, which are important nutrients for many organisms, but in excessive concentrations in bodies of water they lead to explosions in the population of certain microorganisms (a phenomenon sometimes known as algal blooms). This leads to an overall decrease in dissolve type O content in the water, which harms other species, mainly fish, by disrupting spawning and breeding patterns, and can lead to massive deaths in certain species when oxygen levels are depleted (Environment Agency).Thermal pollution of water can occur when a large volume of water is used for cooling purposes in processes that release large amounts of heat. Electrical stations use water for this purpose, and subsequently release it into the environment. This water is considerably warmer than the rest of the water in the environment, and brings a alike rise in temperature to the entire body of water where it is released. This again reduces the capacity of water to hol d dissolved oxygen, with the same effects described above (Lourenco and Neves).With most point sources of water pollution under regulation, the biggest source of water pollution is diffusion. If the source of pollution cannot be pinpointed, the processes that create or contribute to diffuse pollution have to be more strictly managed. Since 2003, European legislation has created a Water Framework directing (WFD) to actively assess the standards of water usage with chemical, biological, and physical tests. The WFD monitors all bodies of water (including ground water reserves and artificial reservoirs) with the ultimate goal of reducing water pollution in the United Kingdom and all EU member states by 2015. The United Kingdoms Environment Agency summarizes some of its recommendations keystone policy issues, such as the control of diffuse water pollution, land-use planning, the headingation of heavily modified water bodies and the role of wetlandsmust be addressed by relevant authorit ies. Particular emphasis should be dictated on the diverse sources of diffuse pollutionThese include discharges from agriculture and also from other land-uses such as urban developments, transport infrastructure and abandoned mineral workings. Those who manage the land may have to do things in a different way to ensure that they do not cause water pollution. (1)some(a) forms of pollution are not classified by the sphere of the environment that they contaminate, but by their nature and properties. Our planet is constantly bathed in radiation originating from outer space, and there are trace amounts of radioactivity dissipate throughout the earths crust. These do not constitute hot pollution typically, this form of pollution originates from atomic power processing, or from equipment used in nuclear medicine and radiography, although nuclear fallout from bombs and disasters, such as the 1986 Chernobyl incident, is perhaps the most striking example of nuclear pollution.In the case o f Chernobyl, flawed design of the nuclear reactor, combined with personnel errors, led to an explosion which released around 5% of the reactors consequence of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The wind carried fallout composed mainly of the radioisotopes iodine-131, cesium-134, and cesium 137, from the reactor across the causation Soviet Union. Among the most heavily affected countries were Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.The radioactive pollutions immediate effect resulted in the death of 30 people, injury to over a hundred other individuals, and the immediate evacuation and move of over 200,000 affected citizens. One of the most studied long term effects of the disaster is a significant increase in the number of cases of thyroid cancer among generations of exposed individuals, due to the accumulation of radioactive iodine-131 in the thyroid gland (International Atomic Energy Agency).It should be noted that Chernobyl was a rare nuclear disaster that is not representative of the more common forms of radiation pollution rather, it serves as an example of the possible scale and duration of pollutions ill effects. Much more commonly encountered are the radiation-related risks in the health check field, where exposure to X-rays and radiotherapy practices can lead to an increased risk of developing certain cancers among some groups of patients.However, for the most part, properly observed medical standards will ensure that the risk of developing cancer from medical radiation is low an estimated 0.05% per rem of radiation. The amount of exposure depends on the medical procedures involved, and although the increase in the risk of cancer induction is petty(a) (from zero to one percent), there is no threshold of radiation exposure below which it is absolutely risk-free. Thus, all procedures involving radiation exposure should be decided on the basis of risk versus benefit to the patient (Classic).Homo sapiens is the only species that has succeeded in domest icating other species, and with the spread of human civilization, we have carried our pets (and pests) to new lands. Introduced species constitute a form of biological pollution when a non- primordial species establishes itself in an ecosystem, displacing certain native species that play a vital role in that ecosystem, and possibly causing economic damage, they are considered invasive. In ecology, the rule of tens states that one in every ten introduced species becomes invasive (Boudouresque and Verlaque, 1).The most significant direct consequence of biological invasion is the extinction of native species that are not adapted to compete with invaders. Such is the case with the Nile perch (Lates niloticus), a popular commercial fish species that was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa around the year 1962. The Nile perch disrupted the lakes ecosystem by predatory activity, feeding on many native fish species, and spreading parasites which it carries in its gills. An estimat ed 300 fish species native to Lake Victoria were driven to extinction by the mid-eighties (Blake).While the Nile perch and some other invasive species have at least had some borderline economic benefit (a boost to the commercial fishing industry and local anaesthetic employment), in many cases the effect of biological invasion has been a complete economic disaster. Australias plague of introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has not only threatened native animals as the rabbits outcompete them for food and shelter the rabbits have threatened the ecosystem itself by decimating vegetation, causing the soil (arid and fragile over much of Australia) to erode.This in turn has greatly rock-bottom the available land for sheep and cows grazing two of Australias major industries. Efforts to reduce rabbit populations have only increased the economic cost of the rabbit invasion, as Australians have tried to use poison, traps, dynamite, and expensive biological control agents in the form of diseases such as myxomatosis and the calicivirus (Diamond, 392).Managing an invasion is very difficult once the invasive species has become established. As noted by Oregon State University biologist John Chapman, Unlike other contaminants in the world, introduced species dont have a half-life, they can spread from a single point source, and they have a potentially unfathomable life span (qtd. in Reiber). An introduced species becomes established when conditions in the new environment are favorable, and it has little to no competition, and natural predators are lacking.Too often, strategies devised to control populations of invasive species backfire the myxomatosis disease used to exterminate rabbits in Australia did succeed in bringing down the rabbit population by 90%, but the survivors then developed a resistance to the disease (Diamond, 392). biologic or chemical control agents used to obliterate invasive species often are detrimental to native species as wel l. In most cases, the safest way to excerpt invasive species from the environment is manually, which can be highly labor intensive and needs to be organized at the local or community level.Increased sound levels in our surroundings can constitute a form of randomness pollution. While some people would classify certain genres or styles of euphony as noise, the most common form of noise pollution comes from transportation and industrial activity. Extreme levels of noise pollution can lead to a deterioration and eventual impairment of the auditory function in humans and other organisms.Noise pollution also affects individuals in other ways that may be less easy to measure or quantify increasing levels of stress and annoyance, for example, or disruption of median(prenominal) sleeping routines. States such as mendelevium have implemented some form noise control in Maryland, the Noise Control Program was passed into legislation in 1970, to provide technical assistance and enforcement regarding noise related issues across the state. It has been de-funded since July 2005, as the duty of regulating noise-related issues has been passed down to local government.There are many other forms of pollution that do not fit neatly into this broad classification, and to fully understand the effect of every pollutant would often require time-consuming research into various case studies. The interaction between different types of pollution often contributes to a complex effect acting on a larger scale, such as global warming, which is a phenomenon created by the interaction between the increased levels of various gases (known collectively as greenhouse gases). Pollution affects us on a global scale, but it can be reduced or improved by efforts at the local and personal level.The easiest way to start contributing to the effort to reduce pollution is to minimize ones own pollution of the environment. It is this diffuse type of pollution which is much more difficult to catch and trace. Individual citizens not disposing of their wastes properly, or households with misconnected drains, all have a small effect on pollution levels, and collectively this adds up to a large increase in pollution if unchecked or unreported. This is the pollution whose source is often unnoticed, and it is up to each individual to eliminate himself or herself as a source of this anonymous, unaccountable pollution.Many nonprofit organizations and agencies concerned with the welfare of our environment are engaged in activities to counter pollution and its effects. Participating in local community clean-up events can help to not only reduce the level of pollution in a community, but also heightens the awareness of people regarding pollution issues, especially if the organizers have invited an environmental expert to deliver a talk about problems relevant to the community. Recycling gadgets instead of throwing them away is a solution that helps both the consumers and the manufacturing industries.Sony Electronics, Inc. has a recycling program that accepts old or non-working Sony branded products free of charge, and even products of other companies for a small fee (On a higher level, government environmental agencies monitor the major point sources of pollution such as wastes disposed by large factories and industrial companies. With pollutions far-reaching consequences, nations must help each other to remediate the worst polluted areas. An estimated 1 billion people are affected by pollution issues, and a majority of those people are in the developing world, where a general lack of awareness and local regulation of pollution has reduced the overall life expectancy and quality of life (Hanrahan et al., 2).With minimal financial investment, a number of remediation measures can be carried out in some of the worst polluted areas in the developing world. These measures will help save lives, particularly of children, at an estimated cost of only one to fifty US dollars per person each year. However, implementing such measures often takes a back seat to the basic needs of education and primary health services that local governments often must prioritize (Hanrahan et al., 2-4). This is wherefore it is important to have international intervention and cooperation, not apathy and the selfish attitude summed up by its someone elses problem, let them take care of it.In dealing with pollution it is important to keep in mind that many of the sources contributing to pollution are industries upon which modern society is dependent. dig and agriculture are two examples of ancient activities that have helped men to develop their civilizations. Mining enabled us to arm better shelters and construct the tools and implements that we use in everyday tasks.Agriculture and the potential to store surplus food has taken us from the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers and brought humans together in the first settlements, which eventually grew into cities and states. Pollut ion is a byproduct of these activities, and the effort to reduce or prevent pollution is not trying to destroy major industries or cease the production and development of new technology. It is an effort to make the producers and consumers responsible for the regulation of wastes created by these activities, and their proper management and disposal.We live in an age of awareness, and thanks to our awakening and gradual realization of how we affect the world around us, todays environmental crisis has increasingly become a fact of life in the modern world. Modern governments should no longer be intent on debating the validity of environmental concerns, but focused on finding and implementing solutions. The root of these problems human degradation of the environment and exploitation of its resources has been at work ever since the dawn of the civilized age.The environmental crisis of the present, on both the global and local levels, is not a burden that we have borne for only a few ge nerations it is a result of centuries, even millennia, of human exploitation of available resources without the guidance of modern environmental science, accelerated by the industrialization brought about by developing technology, and abetted by attitudes and sensibilities that have developed in ignorance of how we impact our surroundings.The inertia of these outdated attitudes and accelerating industrial processes is extensive and cannot be so easily stopped it may take decades to realize the full extent of the damage we have done to the environment in every aspect, and perhaps longer to reverse the trend. But for many of us, the fundamental error in thinking has, at least, been corrected. Environmental problems elsewhere in the world are no longer just someone elses concern. With modern globalization, what we do in our part of the world affects everyone else, and if we continue to act and think with that in mind, the environmental problems facing all of society will be managed by society as a whole.Works CitedA slow-moving oil spill. Ed. John Dodge. 01 celestial latitude 2007. The Olympian. 04 December 2007 http//news.tradingcharts.com/futures/5/7/101611775.htmlAkbar, S. et al. World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005. Germany Druckpartner Moser, 2005.Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M. Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002 January 44(1)32-8.Buell, Frederick. From Apocalypse to Way of conduct Four Decades of Environmental Crisis in the U.S. New York Routledge, 2003.Diamond, Jared. Collapse. New York Penguin Books, 2005.Environment Agency, 2003. The Water Framework Directive not only a question of quality. Bristol Environment Agency.Environment Agency, 2004. Soil, the hidden resource. Bristol Environment Agency.Environment Agency, 2007. The unseen threat to water quality. Bristol Environment Agency.Hanrahan, D. et al. Blacksmith Institute. Cost Effectivenes s and Health Impact of Remediation of Highly Polluted Sites in the Developing World. 2007.International Atomic Energy Agency. Chernobyls Legacy Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Austria IAEA, 2006. oppugn of Al Gore. Larry King Live. CNN. 05 July 2007.Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project. Ed. Jennifer Blake. 10 January 2005. Columbia University. 02 December 2007 http//www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Lates_niloticus.htmJohn, E. M. et al. 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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 04 December 2007 http//www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Environmental/THERMAL/tte1.htmUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Noise A Health Problem. Washington, 1978