DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY - Essay Examplentroversies emerging between European states, Britain decisively worked on expansion of its international authority, adhering to the policy of splendid isolation at the same time. However, since the turn of the twentieth century, when early(a) states began building up their military might, the situation had undergone certain changes, and the World War I became a prominent turning point in the humannesss history. As the war ended with the victory of the allies, Russia, Britain and France, the world was left shocked and devastated to certain extent empires like Austro-Hungarian and German were defeated and eventually seized top exist, and economies of many a(prenominal) countries were seriously impaired. As the war led to increase in independence of dominions and rise of nationalist movements in colonies, the British Empire, through one of the victorious states, got its might undermined moreover, its economy had also suffered certain damage caus ed by the war. Therefore, it could be assumed that Britain was still rather powerful in the interwar period, yet its capacities and authority were considerably harmed by the effects of the war. In the current paper, the major aspects of interwar period will be considered in order to keep up our statement.After the war changed the world order, Britain as many other states sought to recover from the devastating outcomes of it and have-to doe with destabilized economies. Due to the shift in power balance, Japan and the United States grew as influential naval powers baleful Britains interests, which became the reason for reconsideration of Britains imperial policy (Goldstein, 2002, p.40). Britain saw the greatest threats to her interests as approach shot from the Far East as a result of aggressive Japanese commercial expansion (International dealings and Colonial Defence in West Africa in the Interwar Years, 2002, p.15). Reluctant to restore the alliance with Japan, Great Britain write an agreement with the United States in 1922

International strategic management Individual assignment Essay

International strategic manage manpowert Individual fitting - Essay ExampleHowever, before plunging into the deeper perspective of the give tongue to topic, looking into the history of democratic governing of Russia as well as its inclusion to the G8, and how G8 was formed, is an important thing to do to further assess the capability of the said coarse to lead in a prestigious and important group such as the G8.Also, in that respect are those who doubt the capability of G8 as some have claimed that Russia has still remnants of communists ideology which is in hostile to the ideals of G8. In this case, thither are those who claim that the countrys loyalty to G8 is still in question as there are still hanging issues with regards to the country, and therefore the country must first arrange its internal task before venturing into such issue.If we are to deal with history, the country has engaged into cold war with the United States and early(a) countries. This was due to the decis ion of the former Soviet Union to have a socialist/communist government in the aforementioned country. This made USSR engaged in a long-tern economic hiatus on trade, investments and separate related endeavors which deprived the country of enjoying several economic benefits and international tie-ups with regards to trade and investments.However, in 1991, the country has undergo a tremendous change... The reforms immediately devastated the living standards of much of the population, especially the groups dependent on Soviet-era state subsidies and public assistance entitlement programs. Through the 1990s, Russias GDP fell by 50 percent, vast sectors of the economy were wiped come forward, inequality and unemployment grew dramatically, while incomes fell. Hyperinflation wiped out a lot of personal savings, and tens of millions of Russians were plunged into poverty. In August 1991, Yeltsin won international plaudits for casting himself as a democrat and defying the August coup atte mpt of 1991 by hard-line Communists. But he odd office widely despised as a desperate, ailing autocrat among the Russian population. As president, Yeltsins foundation of the presidency was highly autocratic. Yeltsin either acted as his own prime minister (until June 1992) or appointed men of his choice, regardless of parliament. His confrontations with parliament climaxed in the October 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, when Yeltsin called up tanks to shell the Russian White House, make noise out his opponents in parliament. Later in 1993, Yeltsin imposed a new constitution with strong presidential powers, which was approved by referendum in DecemberThe said move was deemed by the Russian as the sunup of the new day for them as they have seen several investors and trade agreements which boosted the economy of the said country. However, in 1998, the country has experienced downfall of the economy in line with the economic crisis in the world. This prompted Yeltsin to tender his resignation on the eve of New Year in 1999. Vladimir Puttin succeeded the leader and has

Health Promotion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

health Promotion Plan - Essay ExampleCompared to the mortality rates from all races, deaths from malignant neoplasms are higher among African Americans as the mortality rate of malignant neoplasms from all races is only 321.2 meanwhile, hypertension is cited as the 10th most common cause of death among African Americans and the ever-present predisposing factor for diseases of the heart, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, and kidney diseases (HealthyPeople.gov, 2012, n.p.). With the identification of hypertension as the problem of the population or the vestigial determinants of certain chronic diseases, health promotional material will be geared towards addressing hypertension among African Americans older 55 years and older, promoting multi-sectoral policies and programs to improve health and reduce health disparities, and educating the public about evidence-based interventions to prevent, treat and confine hypertension. In addition, it is easy address hypertension than malign ant neoplasms among African Americans as hypertension is a modifiable, controllable risk factor. Objective In the Healthy People 2020 Objectives for heart disease and stroke, a 10-percent improvement from baseline is set to determine efficacy of health promotion, intervention, or treatment. The proportion of adult African Americans who died from hypertension is 23.4 thus, the of import objective of this paper is to reduce the proportion of adults (aged 55 years and older) who died from hypertension from 23.4 to 21.1 (HDS-5.1). Aspects of Collaboration To prevent hypertension and promote health, collaborationism from government, local fellowship, clinicians, other health care professionals, nurse-managed hypertension facilities, public health workers and community outreach workers, and patients is a must. Each of the following care professionals has their own aspects of collaboration of how to promote health and prevent hypertension. administration agencies are responsible for implementing policies and programs to address hypertension and in funding for the general health of the population. Community aspects of collaboration include civic, philanthropic, religious, and senior organizations that could provide locally focused orientation to the health needs of the diverse organize population. Clinicians and other health care professionals influence or reinforce instructions to improve patient lifestyles and kin pressure control. Nurse-managed hypertension facilities also contribute to better hypertension control. Public health nurses and community outreach workers screen, notice cases, refer and track follow-up appointments, and educate patients. Meanwhile, patient is at the central core of collaboration as their motivation and compliance to treatment facilitate better blood pressure control and reduction of relative incidence of hypertension. Therefore, collaborative groups shared roles in preventing hypertension and promotion of health include reinfor cing awareness of hypertension risks, impartation the importance of blood pressure management, and educating effective lifestyle interventions, pharmacologic therapies, and treatment adherence (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004, 62). . Organizational/Policy Changes The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion stated that health promotion action means building healthy public insurance policy which puts health on the agenda of policy makers in all sectors and at all

Discuss global health systems, service delivery, factors influencing Assignment

hash out world-wide health systems, dish up rake, factors influencing care, and policy decisions, health disparities, and evidence based care at local, state, national, and global levels - Assignment ExampleSince global health is a central concern for various reasons, health systems drive an outstanding position in terms of global health care.Health systems work as important institutions that plan, fund, and regulate health care (Skolnik 2012, 88). Hence, their work involves generation of finances, providence of health care services, providence of clinical services, and finally, providence of intellectual input. The World Health Organization (WHO) is constantly involved with global health initiatives in order to increase worldwide access to quality healthcare services (Brugha 2009, 1237). Many such health initiatives have led to enhancements in the effectiveness of health aid. Evidence based health care, based on sound scientific evidence, aids healthcare decision making there by ensuring high quality delivery of health services. They may operate at all levels including local, state, national, and global levels though acquiring complexity at larger scales. Many healthcare initiatives and programs use evidence based approach to ensure good service

HUMAN RIGHTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HUMAN RIGHTS - Essay ExampleWhat are Human Rights? Human Rights apprize broadly be defined as a set of various international norms that gull been knowing to help in the protection of all people all over the institution from any mold of severe social, legal and political abuses. Common examples of human rights generally include the right of an individual non to face any torture, the right to have freedom of religion as well as the indisputable right for one to have affair trial in the event that they happen to be supercharged with a crime (Orend 2002). The main sources of the current versions of human rights include the International aeronaut of Rights which emerged as the unite Nations, 1948b Universal resolving power of Human Rights and various treaties and human rights documents (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). Various human rights treaties such as the convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) have resorted to creating various treaty bodies to help them effec tively monitor the implementation and respectfulness of these treaties (Orend 2002). How and why did Human Rights Enter the International Political Process since WWII? After the horrors that were witnessed during the Second human beings War, there was a broad consensus that emerged at the international level that was keen in demanding that the individual human organism should essentially be placed under the protection of the international community. The atrocities that had been committed against certain specific moral principle groups as a result of anarchy had shown that it was realizable for national governments to gravely fail to protect their citizens liberty and lives. As such, since it had been established that the provision of protective mechanisms at the domestic level alone was not enough to provide enough sufficiently stable safeguards, it was thus necessary to entrust the planned novel world organization with the role of guaranteeing the enforcement of human rights on a universal scale. Some Latin American countries requested that a full code of human rights be included in the United Nations acquire at the 1945 San Francisco conference so as to promote the Universalism of these rights. Due to various time constraints it was not possible for the motion to successful at that stage. The commission on Human Rights created a draft of the International write up of Rights and drafted the Universal Declaration of Human rights, which was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10th, 1948. This Declaration of Human Rights and two UN international treaties are what are collectively commonly referred to as the International Bill of Human Rights (Mcneill, St. Clair and St. Clair 2009). What has Changed about the Character of International Relations since WWII Since the end of the Second World War, there have been rampant changes in the nature and content of international relations. Some of these changes include the fact that the politico-geographic s etting of the world has undergone major changes. This factor has been further emphasized by decolonization that lead to the materialization of an enlarged sum of new Sovereign nations that seek to assert themselves in the international community of nations (Fry 2002). After the Second World War, the number of nations that where members of the U.N. was seen to increase from 51

HOW USEFUL IS A HUMAM RIGHTS DISCOURSE TO THE STUDY OF GENDER AND Essay

HOW USEFUL IS A HUMAM RIGHTS DISCOURSE TO THE STUDY OF GENDER AND CRIMEDRAW ON EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT YOUR AGUMENT - Essay causaperson is always seen to be more aggressive than his female counterpart (Bess, 2005), and thus according to a stereotyped mindset, it is very natural to associate violent crimes exclusively with male criminals. Criminologists from times immemorial begin been dealing the issue of crimes without retention the gender perspective in focus. There is no doubt that there have always been women who committed crimes, but no importance was relegated to them, marking them as just as an aberration. The general feeling was what Wootton more than 50 years earlier, had expressed, If men behaved like women, the courts would be idle and the prisons empty (1959, 32). However, in modern times, specially starting from the 1990s, perspectives have changed and many recent studies pertaining to crime have been made, keeping the gender differences in mind. More than thirty years ago Carol Smart had published her admit Women, Crime and Criminology, where she had mentioned that criminology is gender blind, and therefore as a subject, the study ofcriminology remained incomplete and unconsummated (Smart, 1976). In fact, before the second wave of feminism came in around 1960, the argument put forward by the poststructuralists that the sociology study till then had been predisposed to generalise the male forbearance, is correct to some extent. A wager at the past legal records will reveal that the number of women who came to the court as a defendant, or a witness, or an overseer, is surprisingly ambiguous (Beattie, 1974-5), the exception being for cases that were looked upon as typical feminine ones. much(prenominal) a mindset arose mainly from the cultural and social stereotypes that were prevalent during the nineteenth, and a greater part of the twentieth century, which led to the court records being interpreted and maintained according to these pre conceive d assumptions. This article will take a look at this topic of the deviances in gender crimes and their varying patterns, and will explore

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and Kants Perpetual Peace Research Paper

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and Kants Perpetual Peace - Research Paper guinea pigThe volume who lived stress less life had good morals and they were filled with pity, and thus they could not lose one an new(prenominal) (Kant et al 3). As time progressed, the man began to change. As the number of people increased, the ways in which people could satisfy meet their daily needs changed. Because of the difficulties that people began experiencing, they started seeing each other and also began living together. They called these places communities because many people created large areas and make them settlements. They also continued working just now they did so by dividing work between themselves. This they called it a division of labour and it happened between small units of people which were known as families. Division of labour leads to the invention of tools and other practices such as farming that made life easier. The fact that they worked and become tired led to the nee d for rest (Kant et al 4). They thus recognise the need to rest and work the following day, which they called leisure after roughly time doing that. During leisure, people began to conference around the comparison between one community and another and also between themselves. This comparison brought about public values that led to shame and pride when one was told to be more superior to others. In addition, a certain community was considered more powerful than others if they had more resources. This started to make people envy office and pride and contempt. The desire for one to be recognized as superior or powerful, lead to some people isolating themselves from others. Isolation made these people accumulate property of their own. Soon the society leant of head-to-head property as important resources that brought pride and fame.

Disintermediation in Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Disintermediation in Tourism - Essay ExampleThe impacts of disintermediation are various. It has impacted the travel and tourism constancy significantly. The supply train of travel and tourism industry involves tour operators, travel agencies, travel agents and others. Traditionally prospects and people have been depended on these mediators largely for their information and booking needs. Development of web technologies helped the service providers in travel and tourism industry such as airlines, car rentals, hotels and others to offer their services and information through their website.In the image at a lower place (Image 1) of WTO 2001 report on E-Business for Tourism, it clearly presents the play of intermediaries which are replaced by the Internet. However, it is evident that these intermediaries co-exist with the internet even in the countries where the internet users are high in number. The use and growth of website services depend on the number of factors like number of i nternet users, technological platforms available and many others.There are various reasons of disintermediation in the tourism industry. The primary reason is the development of technological platforms offering alternates to the traditional intermediates. The other reason is the appeal reductions due to the removal of intermediates. The Internet offers a platform where tickets can not only be schedule online but various tourism packages can be customized more effectively than the traditional methods. It makes the marketplace extremely competitive as information available to the consumers as well as the options available to them is numerous. More computer address choices, there detailed information including videos and availability of an interactive platform such as internet benefits the client groups. The service providers are able to offer services at the lower cost as the commissions and charges abstruse for the intermediates are reduced.

Project Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

vomit up Risk Management - Essay ExampleA co-operation considered less informal in terms of assay management closures in a number of gains. This requires a long term relationship or co-operation among actors of toil network. For example, a jeopardize management engagement considered less informal, results in a reduced transaction cost since, it limits the expect for rather, expensive contractual engagement. In addition, a risk of exposure management process that engages co-operation minimizes dyadic relationships and introduces a network-level engagement. A co-operative means of managing risks results in efficiency and at the same time, pinpoints ineffective and expensive practices resulting into risks. In the twirl field today, risk management for projects is gaining recognition as a result of the critical procedures involved. Shortfalls witnessed in facial expression projects results from the complex nature of various implemented projects. The idea of subcontracting is tak ing precedence as a result of spin companies concentrating on their main businesses. This bring outs a situation where, involvement in projects becomes complex due to some(prenominal) project routineicipants. Uncertainty related to implementing successful projects is caused by various sources. Effective risk management for projects is sensible by developing an understanding of the relationship manifesting between risks and project networks. The stakeholders responsible for implementing a project need to recognize risks attributable to each participant in the project. This provides a reliable mechanism for risk parceling on the other hand, risks within construction projects lots arise because of the involvement of various sources. Construction projects often involve a continuous process in relation to decision making. This results from the existence of many sources that create uncertainty and risks. In most cases, such decisions are beyond the control of the bonafide project p articipants. Further, most construction projects fail in terms of meeting cost targets and stipulated timeline (Abdou 7). As a result, it is crucial for contractors to recognize risk sources earlier. For example, in regions such as the Far-East, delays often results from, interference by the owner, lack of baffle on part of the contractor, poor planning and financial constraints. Such risks are often network-related, in order to execute a successful project, there is need for guarantee in terms of project participants experience and skills. Other factors to consider involve the network undertaking the project (Abdou 8). As a good practice, risk management within projects requires improvements for contracts, providing incentives for quality and recognizing capabilities. According to Baloi and Price, there are two categories of risks related to construction projects (262) this is illustrated in the tables below. Table 1 Typical Risks Technical Social Construction Economic Legal Finan cial inhering Commercial Logistics Political Table 2 Risks by Impact Dynamic vs Static Corporate vs mortal Internal vs External Positive vs Negative Acceptable vs Unacceptable Insurable vs Non insurable As suggested in both tables, the major source of risks for construction projects, are networks, this occurs either directly or indirectly. On some other note, risks attributed to constructio

Module project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Module project - Assignment ExampleThe political party operates in all areas of oil and gasconade industry, these areas include exploration of oil and gas, supplies and distribution, marketing, production, refinery, petrochemical development and power generation (McIntosh, 2001). The family is also concerned about environmental conservation, and it has invested heavily on the production, and distribution of renewable energy (Carroll, 1999). It supports initiatives of develop and distribution bio-fuel energy, wind and solar power, and hydrogen energy. Shell has branches in 100 countries, and operates an approximate number of 44000 service of process stations. The company producing more than 3 million barrels of oil per day, and this makes it second to Exxon Mobil. Due to its massive size, and commodious capital base, the company is an important player in the internationalistic system. It has the potentiality of influencing world leaders to ordinate policies that will encourag e capitalism, and liberalization of their economies (Carroll, 1999). Due to its size, and the complex line of merchandise activities the company engages in, the company operates under quad master(prenominal) divisions. These are projects and technology, upstream international, upstream Americas, and downstream (Bruijn et al, 2002). The role of upstream international is to manage backing operations of shell that are outside the American continent. The division is liable for identifying new oil and gas fields. It refines crude oil, liquefies it and transports the gas. The division creates the necessary infrastructure required to supply and deliver the oil products of the company to the aim market. The division operates through geographical locations, and each location has its own CEO. In some instances, the upstream international unit collaborates with all its geographic units to deliver a service considered essential and important (Bruijn et al, 2002). This only applies when t he geographic unit of the company does not have the necessary skills to deliver the service. The Projects and Technology department is responsible for developing new and technological innovative systems, for purposes of improving the efficiency of the organization. The Unit concerns itself with the distribution of the organizations major projects, and it is not curb to regions (Carroll, 1999). It supplements the technological innovations of Upstream and Downstream divisions of Shell, and it is responsible for providing leadership and advice on the areas of environmental conservation, health, safety, and procurements and contracting. The downstream division is responsible for the production, manufacture, marketing, and distribution of the products and services of Shell Company. The unit refines, distributes and transports crude oil products (Green, 1985). The upstream America is responsible for the business activities of the organization in North and South America. In this region, the organization looks for new sources of oil, and gas. It also creates an infrastructure that has the capability of efficiently transporting the products of the company to its target markets (Jordan, 2001). The division is responsible for extracting bitumen from oil sand. It converts them to crude oil, and thereafter refines them to produce energy. The main objective of the company is to search for oil and gas, and thereafter produce the product, manufacture its, and deliver the product to the market. The company also explores for gas, refines it, and transports

Becoming an Effective Salesperson Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

beseeming an Effective Salesperson - Term Paper ExampleBecoming an Effective SalespersonSelling means being able to persuade and convince the vendee that what is for exchange is needed and a must for whatever purpose a buyer eject be convert that they argon in need of filling. In examining the occupations that are defined as different types of sales, I rule that in my life I have the values and interests will all(prenominal)ow me to become a lucky salesperson. Being a good sales person requires a great many skills, and some rude(a) talent. One of the primary skills that must be learned is how to sell, rather than just present a sales opportunity and hope the buyer buys the product. Being a professional salesperson means learning the skills that are required to motivate people to buy a product. It also means learning everything that one end possibly know about the product. Without behaving as a professional, sales will never be a profession, but merely something one is try ing to accomplish. However, a professional knows how to move a sale and irritate it happen. A professional has gained the skills required through dedication to their profession. Many types of sales are accomplished without the ac smart set insisting that the sales associates treat their employment as a profession, however in order to hold up the position seriously and behave in a manner that best represents a product, treating the job as a profession will allow the worker to have the best possible tools for success. Treating the job of salesperson as a profession means honing the skills that best serve the position. According to Lytle (2000), You want your customers to trust you. Your private credibility and trust are decisive parts of any successful salesperson-client relationship. (p. 41). Part of being accredited is being prepared with solid, concrete information that closes the gaps between what the customer fears and what will bring the customer to the leftover of the sal e. It is recommended that to be trustworthy, one must provide information that is accurate and complete, thus providing the most complete prototype of how the product fills the need. Being trustworthy also means becoming prepared. Coming to a sales conflict with the intention of presenting several options that are the result of having studied the needs of the customer in comparison to the offerings of the company will go a long way in building trust (Lytle 2000). The two vital components to be truly trustworthy in the eyes of a customer is in being better and in putting in work that creates a sense that the salesperson is prepared. One of the aspects of my personality that I think makes me suitable for a position in sales is that I am a steadfast believer in coming into a situation prepared for the outcomes. As well, I try to demote ways to contribute to the situation, thus placing myself in a position of trust. I take this attitude with all tasks that I am giving, looking at t he number of ways in which being prepared can contribute and then going about learning and studying the different aspects that might be necessary. I was taught the values of being prepared from a very young age, my parents instilling within me an ethic that provided me with the purloin understanding of the connection between preparing for a situation so that should an opportunity present itself, I could honourably take advantage of it. Understanding the potential prospect means developing skills that will inspire the buyer to want to make a

ARTICLE CRITIQUE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ARTICLE CRITIQUE - identification ExampleThe title of this article is precise and discusses the topic in a transitory description of the chronological and premeditated framework of the advancement of diplomacy. The title also aids in a number of roles. The object of this essay is it offers us mutual ground and terminology to sightsee the occurrences in a scientic and simplied manner. Specifically, it assist us institute the element that the diplomatic establishment has been established as a end point of political leaders response to the political and strategic atmosphere. This essay also demonstrates that patterns and norms are self-implementing as political rulers and leaders have preserved and replicated them for quite a long duration. This essay is particularly useful for those who are non acquainted with the disparities of the establishments and roles of diplomacy throughout past (Henrikson,1976, Pg. 1).The role of this analysis is to offer a arrant(a) criticism on the chr onological development of diplomatic institutions. The audience targeted draws comprehensively on the empirical belles-lettres on the antiquity of diplomacy and the English school. Nevertheless, this work entails other noteworthy and tremendous evidence with much wide-ranging dealings of the antiquity of international relations reviewed by many authors in this case analysis. In inference to this work, the description of the ordinary history here omits several significant features of diplomacy that are not immediate applicable to transnational rows or conict resolution. According to this work, the author has disaggregated the historic development of diplomatic establishments into numerous chronological eras. All descriptions of the past chronologies are factual well documented through few important inherited institutional elements of current diplomacy evolutions in the Future of Diplomacy. It also accounts a calculated problem both domestic and international behind the

Film review for the movie blow Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film for the blow - Movie Review ExampleLater on, he visited his parents, and his mother had called the political science to come and pick him up. He ended up in prison. However, there was a large scruple of how George was able to jump gage as he was already condemnd to two years. This is not how this would work ordinarily. Usually, the bail is set for the defendants who are awaiting trial and had not yet been clipd. Then, aft(prenominal) an individual has already been sentenced, they usually develop their incarceration right then and there. It is highly unusual that George was able to walk free after getting his sentence. Sometimes a defendant may be able to walk free after he or she has been convicted before they are sentenced if they post bail. But rarely a defendant gets a sentence and is able to walk onto the street after this. So, this was a peculiarity of the film, and one aspect that did not have the appearance _or_ semblance entirely realistic. Another unrealistic is sue with the movie is the fact that after George is finally found and begins to swear out his time, he is plainly sentenced to 26 months. His original sentence, according to George himself when he came out on the street and encountered Barbara who told George that she was dying, was 24 months. This would guess that hitherto though George had jumped bail and had been hiding from the authorities for the previous two years, he notwithstanding got two months added onto his sentence. It seems as if jumping bail should have been an additional charge that George would have had to face which would mean that he would have to be sentenced for that charge as well. However, it did not show that George had to stand trial nor be sentenced on his bail-jumping, and he only had to serve two special(a) months for what should have been considered to be a flagitious crime. Perhaps, the movie simply did not show that George was re-sentenced or charged with the crime of bail-jumping it seems that George did not face this extra crime if he did not really have to do too much extra time. at that place is other scene, later on, that also inexplicably features George jumping bail after being convicted of a drug-related offense. This was the scene after he and his party gets raided by the FBI. It was unclear exactly why the FBI was even surveilling George at this time as George had long since stopped the drug trade, so this was a question that was also left unanswered. However, George apparently gets convicted at a time again of distributing drugs, but again he becomes a fugitive. This seems especially unrealistic, considering that George had a history of being a fugitive so he should have been deemed a flight risk during this trial and been denied bail. Whether or not he got bail is not known. However, again he was seemingly able to be on the streets even after a belief - this is doubly unrealistic. And he again gets a very light sentence just three years. It is unclear what he was charged with and what he did wrong, but having already been convicted once of distributing drugs and apparently getting caught with a kilo of cocaine in his trunk, as he is on the run from another conviction, he would have to serve more than three years. After the previous lenient convictions it is especially thick that he finally got a sentence of 60 years for his final conviction. Compared to what he had done before, the conviction for his final act of drug distribution seems overly harsh. There are many similarities

The mirror has two faces Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The mirror has two faces - video Review ExampleThe Mirror Has Two Faces is about different views people hold about hunch, put forward,relationships and marriage.The cognomen represents how different insights atomic number 18 seen on the same topicwith the mirror world the topic of love and relationships and the two faces being the different views held by the characters of the movie,mainly go and Gregory. A mirror is supposed to be a reflection of the psyche standing in front of it, and the title of the movie mentions that it has two faces, most probably the person and its reflection, save these faces are not necessarily wiz and the same person thinking the same thoughts. Hence, the title makes angiotensin-converting enzyme curious as to what it truly means. The characters ideas about sex, love, and marriage The characters of the movie hold various perspectives on sex, love and marriage. Alex holds quixotic views and showers Claire with affection to the point that it suffoc ates her. To him, he is like a romantic hero. Claire is so bent on using her beauty to attract men but when she gets them, she easily gets tired of them and is searching for another inquisition to keep her excited and interested. Hannah is kind of self-obsessed that to her, love should center on her own happiness and should boost her self-esteem. atomic number 1 is more down to earth and is a sounding board to Gregorys ideas on love and sex and has a more grounded belief that a balance should be struck in order for a relationship to work, although he himself dates younger women not for their intelligence but mostly for their physical appeal. The central characters of Rose and Gregory provide the scrap in the story. For Rose, a romantic relationship should be fueled by animosity and romance to support the mystic love that the couple has for apiece other. They should know each other rattling well, including seemingly insignificant details and should be able to respond to each o thers of necessity even if help is not solicited. Gregory, on the other hand, burned several times from his previous romantic relationships, believe that sex complicates matters. He believes that relationships based on romantic love and physical attraction are worthless because it creates illusions that eventually end up disappointing people because they cannot keep up to the expectations of each other. Where the mind characters are on their relationship journey. The Whiteheads severalize marriage both as an institution and as a journey. In the movie, marriage as an institution was not clearly agreed upon by the characters and was not show in such a way that it is a solid, immovable establishment. Instead, it would be more appropriate to describe the main characters marriage as a journey of friendship gone backwards. Theirs was founded on a deep friendship without the physical affection most man-woman relationships share even before marriage. Gregory claims that they are lucky to bedevil reached their level of relationship to have skipped sexual tension and have gone straight to a contact of minds and hearts. On the other hand, Rose thought differently. For her, the journey was just beginning and sexual intimacy is a necessary part of the journey towards the marital union, in the truest sense of the word. After they have cleared things with each other of what to expect from their marriage and are now looking at the same road and destination, they remain a smoother journey together with all the necessary ingredients to make their marriage stronger. The styles of communication & conflict used by the couples. It has always been known that communication is a key to successful relationships. In the movie, thither were various communication styles that reflected the views of the characters. There were scenes wherein Gregory would voice out his passionate beliefs in his theories about a nonsexual relationship because it does not complicate matters and elevates the relationship to a higher level of respect, trust, admiration. Rose cannot put one word in. Because Rose was in love with Gregory, she tried to accept his beliefs, shunning aside her

Beautyism in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Beautyism in the Workplace - Essay ExampleThe phenomenon thrives on the assumption that the corporeal appeal of a candidate supersedes k right offledge, value and anything personable. It has become a socially accepted behavior that now defines subsequent human resource department bringes such as performance appraisal and promotions. Potential sexist Effects of Beautyism on Hiring In WorkplaceBeautyism reduces the job opportunities for certain individuals in the workplace (Gilliland, Steiner & Skarlicki, 2007). The hiring standards are based on the physical attraction of a person other than the qualifications they have for the job. Consequently, the diversity of the workplace becomes upset because the hiring dish is limits the pool of the prospective candidates who might have qualified for the job. Individuals who are physically attractive enjoy much job prospects because they are discoverd to be intelligent and successful at the expense of the unattractive lot. A person loses o ut on a job because he or she did not impress the hiring managers. The process becomes the highest order of injustice. Beautyism results to gender-based discrimination in the workplace. There are departments that prefer a particular gender to assume roles and responsibilities (York, Tyler, Tyler & Gugel, 2008). For example, public relations, marketing and reception departments base their prospective candidacy on physical attractive. The departments prefer womanish candidates over male because the female lot is presentable to the clientele than the male.

The topic can be revised by the writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The topic can be revised by the writer - screen ExampleUsing the four-quadrant model, I was able to categorize my major activities as urgent and important (quadrant one), non urgent and important (quadrant two), urgent and not important (quadrant three), and not urgent and not important (quadrant four). I tracked down eight activities through the week that consumed at least one and a half(a)(a) hours every session. Using the four quadrant model, the activities can be classified asThe classification was enabled by calculating the amount of cadence that each grid consumed. Quadrants 1,2,3,4 consumed two hours, three hours, one and a half hours, and two hours respectively. The grid revealed to me that I spent more time on online chatting than I thought. I was surprise by the amount of time I devoted to activities that were of self-interest. The music convention was urgent and important for a forthcoming schools music festival. I noticed that I attached little value to the practice as compared to the other members, regardless of its short timeframe.An activity is important if it comprises of long-term strategies and personal development. Important activities are those that hold to health and wellness. Music practice, studying, and exercising were the most important activities for the past week. I am passionate virtually those activities since they stimulate personal development. Music, studying, and exercising form my hobbies list in my rsum. They are activities that actuate my long-term goals of personal development and success.There are two factors that dictate whether an activity is urgent. Firstly, the activity has to rich person a deadline. Secondly, there must be an authority that requires the activity completed within its timeframe. Music practice and reading and writing journals were activities supervised and coordinated by the director of music and health chairman respectively. The activities were time pressured and required adequate concentratio n to get the work

Personal Action Plan Essay Example for Free

Personal Action Plan EssayMy action has been an unusual liveness I gestate chosen to leave my culture and explore many others cultures to queue up myself and who I am. I have been able to have this lifes experience because I continue in a country that is accepting of diverse single(a)s. But, I have to live with the negative aspects of not living by the status-quo by the way I chose to represent myself to the world. To make a long tale short, I am tall, scary, and I chose to dress and conduct myself as a hip-hop urban individual and that comes with consequences so I consider every situation that I find myself in a scenario that I would make someone feel uncomfortable. But, I will make my scenario out of my comfort zone, just existence in public.1. When in public, I observe older individuals uncomfortable around me, and thy tend to hold their purses or bags close to their bodies immigrants tend to be uncomfortable around me due the negative stereotypes given to white men, still some are very true And or so white individuals treat me as if were sell-out or I am trying to be black. 2. Most situations are out of my comfort zone due to the ignorance of others I always what to be respectful of others and not be as ignorant as others, so I always let them have the upper-hand to keep the civility in the situation. 3. The main thing that I have learned from others negativity is that I evoke only control how I act, and only I can make others perception of me change for the better.4. The types of things I notice about people are just as I stated before, I observe older individuals uncomfortable around me, and thy tend to hold their purses or bags close to their bodies immigrants tend to be uncomfortable around me due the negative stereotypes given to white men, notwithstanding some are very true And most white individuals treat me as if were sell-out or I am trying to be black. 5. I do observe social-conscious individuals they tend to find themselves lovin g everyone and by and by they talk to me for a while, I believe they find their minds change for least a day.6. The social contrast I observe on a daily system is how individuals with money have such a distain for individuals who are homeless when I find an individual warming up to me, they will make an insusceptible remark about someone else. 7. My comfort level has change over the years due to my relationship I have with myself I know who I am, who I care about, and I find that the groovy I do in my life comes out in my personality, and others will notice by my actions.8. My lifes experience has shown me to be more socially conscious due to pit-falls I have had in my life. I have been at the very top and been brought to the very bottom, and the individuals at the top have the most work to do on their souls. 9. The traits that I exhibit in public are To be little at all times to be tolerant of others and not judge a book by its cover. 10. I feel the only trait of intolerance t hat I pauperisation to work on is my inability to forgive individuals who have gone astray and choose to steal and do wrong.

Fair-value accounting change Essay Example for Free

Fair- entertain invoice change EssayThe role played by the fiscal market in determining the levels of military operation that can be recorded by the thrift is not in doubt. The 2008 economic crisis is a vivid reminder to either policy makers and even governments to chequer that issues that affect the economy ar objectively addressed.The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) which is a key musician in the fiscal sector appears to be oblivious of its role in the economy and has once again used its mandate to develop a banal that is not relevant to business let wholly accounting. The move to adopt the mark-to-market accounting standard is a dark mark in the Statesn accounting history that may in fact lead to poor practices within the financial systems that require proved to be potent to the economy.It took America nearly 15 days to develop its constitutions strategic management medical specialist have time and again pointed to the close relationship that exist s betwixt rapid change and failure and the FASB has for years taken months in seeking suggestions and deliberating upon them before making both proclamation that may affect the disposition of the business surroundings1. All these are events or standards that the business world and America as a hearty has come to accepted as being reflective of factors that affect the business purlieu.The speed with which the mark-market standards moved from object to being a standard brings about questions on objectivity2. A look at the last ii times that America has found itself in crisis it has been the financial systems that duped to investors by inflating their performance or potential. It is unlikely that such(prenominal) a hurried process which eliminates systems that have protected American investors will be of any good.FASBs adjustment of its rules is often waited upon with anticipation by all players in the business world. The change in the fair prize rules or standards is the ma in area of controversy in FASBs changes. While the banking and financial institutions have praised the move as an effort to reduce the negative effect that previous standards had on developing a clear conniption of their performance3, investors are worried stiff on the effect that it will have on disclosures by banking and financial institutions that are traditionally known for overvaluing their assets and even performance.The fair value accounting rules had been blamed by a number of financial institutions that are notably under pressure from the 2008 economic crisis for being irrelevant to hibernating(a) markets.The mark-to-market accounting system that has been presented by FASB allows companies to use their judgment to gauge prices of some investments and backed securities. Analysts were quick to check off that the measures could in fact impact on the net income and affect bank write downs. Pro mark-to-market standard institutions have hailed the changes with disputations li ke the mortgage and market was not working and something had to change. This is reflective of the true objective substructure the move. Investors who have been defrauded by American institutions in a number of occasions are wary of the changes that mall them in a position where they are susceptible to exploitation by the financial community.The integrity of a development is largely dependent on the process that culminated in its existence. Under this consideration, investors are innocent of inessential suspicion developed from poor past experiences. The series of event that culminated into the existence of the mark-to-market standard is a face of the negative effect that the congress can have on effective decision making. In his debut on March 12th the chair of FASB did not mince his words in pointing out the faults that are inherent of the mark-to-market standards that the financial community was pushing for.The definition presented by Herz which should be presumed of FASBs de finition of fair value is that it is the worth of an asset being exchanged between two informed parties4. In ending his statement the chair stated that America is in a challenging time that requires improvements in nearly all sectors and by trying to suppress financial information offered to investors there is little that will have been make to change the conditions. His statement is a pointer to the misinformed objective that the change may affect the position that America currently is in and the existence of fair value system within financial practices.Whatever happened between 12th March and April 2nd is best left to Americans imagination. The congress pressure has especially been cited by the media and being central to the changes that FASB made in fair accounting standards. The same rule which had been dimmed lacking in objectivity became relevant to the American dilemma in a space of three weeks. The hurried carrying into action of the change is the unspoken variables that b elie its objectives.A pro derived from the development is the awareness that America is in a desperate position which needs to be addressed with immediate effect. Moreover, the negative effect that bad performance within financial institutions had on the stock market may soon be historical events as financial agencies have been given a leeway to confuse investors and hide poor performance. Profits that have not been evidenced since the likes of Enron went down may soon be usual and the same can be said of the pain that investors underwent in the turn of the century.The cons are clear especially sidelining of the effects that the operational environment has on operations. The development allows for businesses to operate in a manner suggestive of independence from the operational environment while investors who may be aware of the prevailing environment are subjected to these daydreams. The results may be change magnitude wrangles within management boards, unethical practices within financial institutions and reduced confidence on financial disclosures which goes against their objectives.If any one thought that the FASB is perturbed by the controversies surrounding the development then they are in for a unfit surprise. The FASB has unimaginatively done nothing and has sat back with some postulating that the next step they take may involve providing organizations with an environment where they can alter the value of all their assets at will. The standards used by investors and financial players under the environment developed by the mark-to-market standards is non-uniform and may lead to a number of upheavals and even miscommunication that negatively affect value generation.It is evident from Herzs speech on March 12th that the mark-to-market standard is a non-objective measure to curb the effects of the 2008 crisis. The pressure placed on the FASB by the congress whose affiliation to financial heavyweight is not a mystery is central to the change. This is not the first time such a development is being recorded for the French President played a pivotal role in some controversial changes made by the GAAP5.Investors should however worry for the short term for such inborn developments have historically proven to be uneventful. It is only a matter of time before the follies in the mark-to-market standard that are actually known to all parties in the business fraternity manifests in the practical environment with dire results. Changes that are appreciative of the operational environment will then be the only way out.

Lord Liverpool’s Government Essay Example for Free

Lord Liverpools Government EssayLiverpool faced numerous economic and financial problems, as well as about political problems. Some of these problems included subject field debt, unemployment, struggles with France and America and popular protest groups. Each of these factors also contributed to the popular unrest which occurred during this period. Liverpool was highly efficacious in defeating Napoleon and also in dealing with protest groups. additionally he was also successful in bringing about some economic prosperity as well as reducing the deficit. until now he was least effective in gaining the support of Prince Regent. Liverpool was most successful in triumphant the state of war with Napoleon in 1815. Liverpool had been the only person which had been able to defeat Napoleon to date which consequently make him seem unbeatable. During the war Napoleon implemented an economic blockade. In response the British tested to stop America from trading with certain countries , this hardened American opinion of the British and they now wanted independence. This eventually led to another war, however this was resolved in a few years.Liverpools force success led to him gaining much support and therefore strengthening his position. Liverpool was also successful to an extent in restoring economic prosperity. The war had disrupted British trade and miserliness and it had also encouraged British economy to over specialise in war industries which resulted in inflation and rising prices. The Corn Laws which were implemented in 1815 caused bread prices to rise rapidly in the poor harvest of 1816 this angered m any working distinguish people and caused a lot of popular unrest, it also made Liverpool very unpopular, the corn laws benefited the upper classes. Additionally by 1815 Britain had and 861 million national debt and the deficit had reached 13 million. The income tax which had been imposed in 1799 and brought in 15 million was defeated by 37 votes and abolished in March 1816. This meant that the political sympathies lost a square(a) amount of revenue therefore worsening the economic state of the country. Further the end of the Napoleonic war in 1815 caused depression as the economy shifted from a war economy to a peacetime one.Liverpools political science thought lower tariffs on imported goods would mean lower prices for costumers and therefore increasing demand and touch trade which would mean economic prosperity. Liverpools main source of revenue was the indirect tax. During this time the political science was also under increasing pressure gain the support of the people as in the alternative of 1818 they had lost seats. The government was severely embarrassed over its handling of Peterloo, the spy system and the Queen Carolean Affair. Matters were only made worse by Castlereaghs weak defence of the government position in each of the matters. The government was in deep embarrassment and on the verge of losing support from voters. As a response Liverpool shuffled the cabinet in 1822.Canning was appointed as foreign secretary. This was highly controversial and further cabinet changes took places. This was an attempt to make the restore the peoples faith in the government and Liverpool hoped to regain some credibility. This reshuffle provided the impression of change, however this was not really the case therefore it wasnt particularly effective in solving any problems. There was also much radical threat in Britain at the time. During this time Liverpool did several things to try and suppress radical action introduced the six acts, suspended the Habeas Corpus and the Seditions get together act. Also people were transported and some were executed due to Luddite protests. These acts allowed the magistrates to take action necessary in decree to prevent any action which seemed revolutionary.This made the government seems repressive and reactionary. This was also the first time any government had to deal with mass protest and therefore it could be said that perhaps for the experience they had, the government dealt with matters fairly effectively. Although there are perhaps better ways in which it could have been handled the government was roughly effective in oppressing revolutionary protest. Liverpool was clearly most effective are regards military action winning the war with Napoleon and also restoring the peace with America. As regards to the economic and financial problems Liverpool was somewhat successful in reducing the problem rather than getting rid of it.

Gunshot Residue Aanalysis Essay Example for Free

Gunshot Residue A analysis EssayWhen a while is discharged, residues from the bullets force, the primer, cartridge case, firearm itself and the powder from the propulsive are expelled from gaps in the guns working parts (Pepper, 2005 118). These particles are cognize as gunshot residue ( electrical skin response) or firearm discharge residue (FDR) and are composed of partly burnt and un-burnt propellant powder, particles from the ammunition primer, smoke, lubri enkindlets, grease and metals from the cartridge. galvanic skin responses are mainly deposited on skin, the occur in which the weapon was fired, on clothing, the entrance wound of victim or any other local target materials present at the crime scene. The major primer elements are lead (Pb), barium (Ba) and atomic number 51 (Sb) usually all three elements are present on the hand after firing. Less frequent elements include aluminium, zinc, copper, silicon and potassium. natural and inorganic compounds are to a faul t present in galvanic skin responses. Organic compounds are found in propellant powder and primer mixtures whereas inorganic compounds derive from primer mixtures.GSR particles are formed when the pin strikes, the primer cap and mixture is ignited creating high levels of temperature and pressure deep bug out the cartridge. The increase of temperature melts the primer mixture and the three elements are give rised by vaporisation. As the primer mix ignites the propellant powder, an increase in pressure and temperature occurs and the bullet is released from the firearm barrel. The particles involved in this process form as liquid droplets which instantly solidify due to the quick increase of temperature followed by instant cooling. The discharge of firearm butt joint deposit residues on all persons present and not just the person that fired the gun, the analysis as to who fired the weapon must be made with precaution because any hand or body part that was close to the fired weapon may have residue appearing pursuant(predicate) with having fired the weapon. The cartridge case, bullet and bullet coating contain specific elements that can also be keeped such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu).There are three classifications of GSR particles which show on characteristic morphologies of GSR, regular spheroids, irregular particles and particles that form a layer of lead surrounding an inside core. The collection of GSR should be carried out instantly because GSR evidence can easily be destroyed just by washing your hands and once examined it is generally spherical in shape. inviolate evidential value of all three elements must be found by specialised equipment to sanction a gun had been fired by specific suspect(s). Electron microscope (EM) is a quality of microscope that uses a institutionalise of electrons to create an image of the specimen being analysed, it is capable of much(prenominal) high magnifications and is able to see much smaller objects in detail. They are large, expensive pieces of equipment, and require a lot of skill and training to fly the coop EM. All electron microscopes use electromagnetic and electrostatic lensees to control the path of electrons.The design of an electromagnetic lens is a coil of wire around the outside of a tube through which one can pass a current, creating an electromagnetic field. The electron beam passes through the centre of the coil of wire and down the column of the EM towards the sample. Electrons are very sensitive to magnetic fields and are controlled by changing the current through the lenses. There are cardinal types of EM, contagious disease Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy involves a high voltage electron beam emitted by a cathode and formed by magnetic lenses. The electron beam that has been partially transmitted through the thin specimen carries information well-nigh the structure of the specimen.This information i s then magnified by a chain of magnetic lenses until it is recorded by hitting a fluorescent screen, photographic plate, or light sensitive sensor such as a camera. The image detected is displayed on a computer.SEM is a technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce magnified images of sample by detecting secondary electrons which are emitted from the surface due to excitation by a primary electron beam. The electron beam is scanned across the surface of the sample with detectors building up an image by mapping the detected signals.The beam that impacts with the sample produces 3-dimensional (3D) images of the surfaces at high levels of magnification. SEM can also reveal the actual surface details of the particles with known examples of GSR, the large particles of partially burnt powder and spheres of residues analysed can appear to be from contaminated materials and not just from the specimen. In SEM, backscattered electrons (BSE) form due to collisions between entranceway ele ctron and the nucleus of the target atom where electrons are being knocked off. BSE are used to detect contrast between areas with different chemical compositions where heavy metal elements appear brighter in the images formed and illumination metal elements appear darker. SEM has the ability to be coupled with push dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) to provide information about the elemental composition of the sample being analysed.To date the most no-hit technique is SEM/EDX, which concentrates on the inorganic particles of GSR. This technique not only bring home the bacons much of the elemental composition of mortal particles to be produced but to also enable images that show morphology and the characteristics of GSR (Jackson et al, 2011 317) . This is important because these two techniques allow GSR particles to be uniquely identified and the discovery of a suspect may appear to be guilty of a crime. Particles will either be identified as possibly being GSR or shown not to have fired the weapon. The advantage of victimisation this technique has the ability to analyse various(prenominal) particles of GSR typically the three elements lead, barium and antimony can be identified easily using this technique.(Jackson et al, 2011 315) The EDX technique detects x-rays emitted from the sample during bombardment by an electron beam to characterize the elemental composition of the analysis, features as small as 1 m or less can be analysed. When the sample is bombarded by the SEMs electron beam, electrons are knocked off from the atoms to the samples surface.The electrons from the ground state are filled by electrons from a higher state which creates an electron hole so that an x-ray is emitted to balance the energy difference between the two electron states. The number and energy of the x-rays emitted from a specimen can be measured by an energy dispersive spectrometer this gives information direct to the energy difference. The data can be interpreted in various forms from its composition to the x-ray spectrum. SEM/EDX cannot determine whether a person discharged a weapon on any occasion.Thedisadvantages of using this technique are that its cost effective, limited availability and a of import amount of training is required to operate the machine as its considered to be a specialised piece of equipment (Bell, 2006 447). SEM examines specific particulates under high magnification whereas EDX allows elemental analysis of samples. SEM/EDX is the preferred method of GSR analysis as it shows in current study that the use of this technique has increased from 21% to 26% (Ronald et al, 1996 195) this shows how reliable and accurate it is to use.Positive results are always produced and when providing evidence in court it is less frequently challenged by the judge. Over 72% of laboratories that analyse GSR use SEM/EDX and search more than 50% of the counterfoil this is composed of aluminium and is an electrically charged conducting tab w hich is directly placed into the SEM/EDX machine without sample pre-treatment (Ronald et al, 1996 197) to scrape the analysis.EDX extends the usefulness of SEM in that elemental analysis which can be performed within regions as small as a few cubic micrometres. All elements from the periodic table can be detected with this type of method.There are many other methods that have been applied to identify both organic and inorganic GSR analysis but it depends on which method you use. Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), x-ray micro-fluorescence, people of colour/spot testing, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), neutron activation analysis (NAA), gas chromatography (GC) and atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). TOF-SIMS was unyielding to have many advantages over SEM/EDX but because of its lack of high resolution imaging it could not telescope its level of expectation. TOF-SIMS analyses smokeless black powders because of the high vacuum conditions inside the instru ment but was reported to be unsuitable for volatile components such as nitro-glycerine (NG), which is a liquid substance made from glycerol, nitric and sulphuric acid.(Oliver et al, 2010)ReferencesBooks1. Suzanne Bell (2006). Forensic Chemistry. USA Pearson education Inc. 447. 2. Andrew R.W Jackson and Julie M. Jackson (2011). Forensic Science. 3rd ed. London Pearson Education Inc. 311-317. 3. Ian K. Pepper (2005). Crime Scene Investigation Methods and Procedures. 2nd ed. United Kingdom McGraw-Hill Company. 118. Journals4. Ronald L. Singer, 1 M.S. Dusty Davis, 2 B.S. and Max M. Houck, 3 M.A. (1996). Journal of Forensic Science. A Survey of Gunshot Residue Analysis Methods. 41 (2), 195-198. 5. Oliver Dalby, B.Sc, David Butler, MSc and Jason W. Birkett Ph.D. (2010). Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials-A Review. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 55 (4), 924-926 930-931.Websites6. http//www.jic.ac.uk/microscopy/intro_em.html accessed Thursday 13th declination 2012 at 11. 12pm 7. http//mee-inc.com/eds.html accessed Wednesday 19th December 2012 at 3.09pm

Pollution Effects and Counter Measures Essay Example for Free

Pollution Effects and recurrence Measures EssayThe impact of gentleman activity on our surroundings low animation non be denied. Many aspects of todays environmental problems be altogether now coming to light as scientists explore the causes and personal make of merciful impact on the macrocosm around us. Todays generation has seen both unwarranted incredulity and exaggeration on both sides of the debate on how close we ar to an environmental catastrophe. Although, as Frederick Buell wrote, as of today our world has non ended eco-apocalypse hasnt happened. Yet people today also accept the particular that they live in the shadow of environmental problems so severe that they stage a crisis (xii).While it is easier to earn the problems we face today by classifying human activity and its proceedss into neatly defined, cause-and- government issue relationships, it is measurable to realize that on the whole of these causes and heart and souls interact in a complex w eb to bring astir(predicate) an environmental crisis. That said, taint is matchless of the most widespread results of human activity, encom headspringing a b avenue range of substances with pervasive effects.The effect of pollutants on our environment is one and only(a) of the most widely publicized factors contri exclusivelying to its degradation. And deservedly so pollutants argon diverse, and contaminant takes numerous a(prenominal) forms, but the effect of unchecked contaminant is rapid, extensive, and often dramatic in its visual manifestations. Finally, in many a(prenominal) grammatical cases pollution defies geographical and political boundaries, making it an international concern, and keep backling it will require the occasion of citizens and organizations from all levels of society.Pollution involves the introduction of pollutants into the environment, and it is commonly organised into study categories air, solid ground, and piddle system based on which segment of the environment is modify. Other forms of pollution are classified based on the record of the pollutant, and these include light beam sickness pollution, biological pollution, and folie pollution. Scientists fool developed many ways of gauging the level of pollution, or of a circumstantial pollutant within the environment, but when one considers the direct impact of pollution on human health, it is video that matters more than the concentration of pollutants.In the environmental pathway, exposure to a certain concentration of a pollutant is what learns the actual social disease of the pollutant in the exposed individual, and this is what leads to possible health consequences (Akbar et al., 62). In many cases, pollution is an occupational hazard, posing the greatest danger to people who suffer the most exposure as part of their daily lives.With rough pollutants, however, the effects are indirect, not run intoing an individuals health, but impacting a societys re blood lines and preservation in subtle ways. Even with the increased environmental sentiency in modern society, it is surprising how many people still see nothing wrong simply because they are not directly affected by pollution. The purpose of this research is to give an overview of the distinguishable classes of pollution, how they affect society on different levels, and some(a) of the measures that disregard help oneself to obstruct or centre its spread.When one thinks of air pollution, perhaps the first stick out that comes to mind is that of a smog-filled skyline of a major city, through which a hazy sun however shines. However, exposure to the outdoor smog in a contaminate city is not the main seeded player of pollutant dosage. Most of the actual human exposure to air pollution occurs indoors, simply because that is where most people pass most of their time (Akbar et al., 61). Just as the health stake of exposures of polluted water grass be decrease by treatm ent, the risks posed by polluted air (namely, cardiovascular and respiratory disease) can be fall by using proper filters within homes and offices.While it is possible to keep the indoor air bore under control, improving atmospheric air quality will require a collective run on a often bigger scale. Major sources of worldwide pollutant emissions are industrial operations, power plants, road vehicles, forest fires, and the incineration of refuse. Vehicular emissions are not only limited to exhaust, but also include emissions from the dampen of tires and brakes and the road turn out itself, which makes it difficult to come up with an accurate estimate of total vehicular emissions.Many of these sources of emissions are similarly difficult to quantify, but the overall statistics show that air pollution issues are higher in developing countries, and above the national average in megacities (Akbar et al., 36). This reflects a general trend of better environmental awareness, and envi ronment protection chopines that take for been implemented for a longer time in well-developed, industrialized countries. For some pollutants, much(prenominal) as sulfur dioxide a product of the combustion of fossil fuels the worldwide trend shows a decrease, but for other emissions there is no such(prenominal) evidence (Akbar et al., 49).Clearly, although industrialized countries wish well America have been consciously reducing some emissions for a longer time than other countries in the developing world, there is much that still needs to be done on an international level. spring linked States Vice President Al Gore sums up the nature of the problem regarding the public postOur continued dependence of imported oilis connected to the same pattern that leads us to put 70 million wads of global warming pollution into the earths atmosphere e actually 24 hours around the world, as if it was an open sewer. And pretending that that doesnt have consequence, when theres signs to tell us it definitely doesthats really the essence of this problem. provided because its so pervasive, in order to variegate it, we really have to have a sea change in public opinion in this country and around the world before the politicians and the government leaders in every nation will have the courage to do what really is necessary. ( interrogate with Al Gore, 2007)The back up major category of pollution is soil pollution. The composition of soil is an important factor in an ecosystem, affecting what types of vegetation are able to take root and survive, and by extension, what species of animals will thrive in the area. defeat also retains water, and pollution of the soil often spreads to ground water tables. When soil is contaminated by pollutants ordinarily in the form of heavy metals that disrupt the balance and composition of the soil it is often harder to detect, and difficult to determine the extent of the pollution. Such contamination typically results from direct deposition of pollutants into the soil.Landfills and waste heaps contain pollutants which bit by bit leach into the soil, and some of the particles in polluted air fall to the ground, where water runoff and seepage can spread the pollutants and lodge them into the soil. Operations in the mining industry, when improperly managed, can cause long-term defame to the soil, and to the environment as a whole. Jared Diamond cites Montana as a case study of the vituperate that the mining industry can do to the environment, saying it has about 20,000 abandoned mines, some of them recent but many of them a century or more old, that will be leaking acid andtoxic metals canonically forever (36). In most cases, these mines have no surviving owners, or the owners are financially ineffective to reclaim their property and manage its wastes.The relationship between the soil and the rest of the environment is complex, and much stiff to be understood before a standard set of indicators and ben chmarks can be used to reminder the quality of all soils. While these subtle relationships and interactions are being actively studied by scientists, land management can be improved and better implemented to lessen the impact of activities such as agriculture and mining, by regulating waste disposal and promoting sustainable agricultural intrusts. As an example, many farmers physical exercise plowing their fields close to the edge of rivers or streams, and letting their livestock graze at the edge.This practice actually contributes to the erosion of riverbanks and diffusion of agricultural wastes into water. Careful management of land and soil resources can prevent soil erosion, which in turn will lessen the deposition of silt in freshwater areas that whitethorn be important habitats or breeding sites for species like salmon. (Environment Agency). Public pressure is necessary for the government to pass laws that will enforce mining companies to take charge of cleaning up their m ines the main responsibility lies with the American public, to be more active and vocal in protecting the environment (Diamond, 38).Waters properties as a solvent are familiar to everyone, thus it should not be surprising that water is peculiarly vulnerable to contamination. The flow of bodies of water, as well as water runoff from precipitation, can disperse a high flashiness of pollutants over the course of a form. Waters cycle in the environment has unique implications for the spread of pollution, and the various pollutants and contaminants of water comprise the third major category of pollution. Bodies of water can be polluted by point sources, such as sewage treatment plants, or they may be polluted through diffusion.Diffuse pollution can come from misconnected drains in households, leaching of surface wastes into groundwater, or runoff of toxic substances that have been deposited on land. Inland precipitation (in the form of rain) creates water runoff, which drains into lar ger bodies of water, carrying with it some deposited pollutants from the atmosphere and many untreated wastes that have been improperly abandoned of.Oil from roadways and motor vehicles, senseless agricultural fertilizer, and assorted litter from the land, can be washed into rivers and out to sea, where the scale of dispersal makes it very difficult to treat the pollution. In fact, the volume of pollution deposited by water from runoff can cash in ones chips that of an oil spill. In Puget Sound in the Pacific Northwest, for example, each year from 2000 to 2006 roughly 22,580 metric tons of oil and petroleum products are deposited by runoff, compared to less than 1,000 metric tons from direct oil spills (Dodge).The decline in quality of water quality leads to obvious consequences for human consumption. Freshwater with excessive levels of certain pollutants becomes unsafe to drink, and seawater can lose its ability to sustain biodiversity, negatively impacting the tiping industry . Agricultural runoff contains nitrates and phosphates, which are important nutrients for many organisms, but in excessive concentrations in bodies of water they lead to explosions in the population of certain microorganisms (a phenomenon sometimes known as algal blooms). This leads to an overall decrease in dissolve type O content in the water, which harms other species, mainly fish, by disrupting spawning and breeding patterns, and can lead to massive deaths in certain species when oxygen levels are depleted (Environment Agency).Thermal pollution of water can occur when a large volume of water is used for cooling purposes in processes that release large amounts of heat. Electrical stations use water for this purpose, and subsequently release it into the environment. This water is considerably warmer than the rest of the water in the environment, and brings a alike rise in temperature to the entire body of water where it is released. This again reduces the capacity of water to hol d dissolved oxygen, with the same effects described above (Lourenco and Neves).With most point sources of water pollution under regulation, the biggest source of water pollution is diffusion. If the source of pollution cannot be pinpointed, the processes that create or contribute to diffuse pollution have to be more strictly managed. Since 2003, European legislation has created a Water Framework directing (WFD) to actively assess the standards of water usage with chemical, biological, and physical tests. The WFD monitors all bodies of water (including ground water reserves and artificial reservoirs) with the ultimate goal of reducing water pollution in the United Kingdom and all EU member states by 2015. The United Kingdoms Environment Agency summarizes some of its recommendations keystone policy issues, such as the control of diffuse water pollution, land-use planning, the headingation of heavily modified water bodies and the role of wetlandsmust be addressed by relevant authorit ies. Particular emphasis should be dictated on the diverse sources of diffuse pollutionThese include discharges from agriculture and also from other land-uses such as urban developments, transport infrastructure and abandoned mineral workings. Those who manage the land may have to do things in a different way to ensure that they do not cause water pollution. (1)some(a) forms of pollution are not classified by the sphere of the environment that they contaminate, but by their nature and properties. Our planet is constantly bathed in radiation originating from outer space, and there are trace amounts of radioactivity dissipate throughout the earths crust. These do not constitute hot pollution typically, this form of pollution originates from atomic power processing, or from equipment used in nuclear medicine and radiography, although nuclear fallout from bombs and disasters, such as the 1986 Chernobyl incident, is perhaps the most striking example of nuclear pollution.In the case o f Chernobyl, flawed design of the nuclear reactor, combined with personnel errors, led to an explosion which released around 5% of the reactors consequence of radioactive material into the atmosphere. The wind carried fallout composed mainly of the radioisotopes iodine-131, cesium-134, and cesium 137, from the reactor across the causation Soviet Union. Among the most heavily affected countries were Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.The radioactive pollutions immediate effect resulted in the death of 30 people, injury to over a hundred other individuals, and the immediate evacuation and move of over 200,000 affected citizens. One of the most studied long term effects of the disaster is a significant increase in the number of cases of thyroid cancer among generations of exposed individuals, due to the accumulation of radioactive iodine-131 in the thyroid gland (International Atomic Energy Agency).It should be noted that Chernobyl was a rare nuclear disaster that is not representative of the more common forms of radiation pollution rather, it serves as an example of the possible scale and duration of pollutions ill effects. Much more commonly encountered are the radiation-related risks in the health check field, where exposure to X-rays and radiotherapy practices can lead to an increased risk of developing certain cancers among some groups of patients.However, for the most part, properly observed medical standards will ensure that the risk of developing cancer from medical radiation is low an estimated 0.05% per rem of radiation. The amount of exposure depends on the medical procedures involved, and although the increase in the risk of cancer induction is petty(a) (from zero to one percent), there is no threshold of radiation exposure below which it is absolutely risk-free. Thus, all procedures involving radiation exposure should be decided on the basis of risk versus benefit to the patient (Classic).Homo sapiens is the only species that has succeeded in domest icating other species, and with the spread of human civilization, we have carried our pets (and pests) to new lands. Introduced species constitute a form of biological pollution when a non- primordial species establishes itself in an ecosystem, displacing certain native species that play a vital role in that ecosystem, and possibly causing economic damage, they are considered invasive. In ecology, the rule of tens states that one in every ten introduced species becomes invasive (Boudouresque and Verlaque, 1).The most significant direct consequence of biological invasion is the extinction of native species that are not adapted to compete with invaders. Such is the case with the Nile perch (Lates niloticus), a popular commercial fish species that was introduced to Lake Victoria in East Africa around the year 1962. The Nile perch disrupted the lakes ecosystem by predatory activity, feeding on many native fish species, and spreading parasites which it carries in its gills. An estimat ed 300 fish species native to Lake Victoria were driven to extinction by the mid-eighties (Blake).While the Nile perch and some other invasive species have at least had some borderline economic benefit (a boost to the commercial fishing industry and local anaesthetic employment), in many cases the effect of biological invasion has been a complete economic disaster. Australias plague of introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has not only threatened native animals as the rabbits outcompete them for food and shelter the rabbits have threatened the ecosystem itself by decimating vegetation, causing the soil (arid and fragile over much of Australia) to erode.This in turn has greatly rock-bottom the available land for sheep and cows grazing two of Australias major industries. Efforts to reduce rabbit populations have only increased the economic cost of the rabbit invasion, as Australians have tried to use poison, traps, dynamite, and expensive biological control agents in the form of diseases such as myxomatosis and the calicivirus (Diamond, 392).Managing an invasion is very difficult once the invasive species has become established. As noted by Oregon State University biologist John Chapman, Unlike other contaminants in the world, introduced species dont have a half-life, they can spread from a single point source, and they have a potentially unfathomable life span (qtd. in Reiber). An introduced species becomes established when conditions in the new environment are favorable, and it has little to no competition, and natural predators are lacking.Too often, strategies devised to control populations of invasive species backfire the myxomatosis disease used to exterminate rabbits in Australia did succeed in bringing down the rabbit population by 90%, but the survivors then developed a resistance to the disease (Diamond, 392). biologic or chemical control agents used to obliterate invasive species often are detrimental to native species as wel l. In most cases, the safest way to excerpt invasive species from the environment is manually, which can be highly labor intensive and needs to be organized at the local or community level.Increased sound levels in our surroundings can constitute a form of randomness pollution. While some people would classify certain genres or styles of euphony as noise, the most common form of noise pollution comes from transportation and industrial activity. Extreme levels of noise pollution can lead to a deterioration and eventual impairment of the auditory function in humans and other organisms.Noise pollution also affects individuals in other ways that may be less easy to measure or quantify increasing levels of stress and annoyance, for example, or disruption of median(prenominal) sleeping routines. States such as mendelevium have implemented some form noise control in Maryland, the Noise Control Program was passed into legislation in 1970, to provide technical assistance and enforcement regarding noise related issues across the state. It has been de-funded since July 2005, as the duty of regulating noise-related issues has been passed down to local government.There are many other forms of pollution that do not fit neatly into this broad classification, and to fully understand the effect of every pollutant would often require time-consuming research into various case studies. The interaction between different types of pollution often contributes to a complex effect acting on a larger scale, such as global warming, which is a phenomenon created by the interaction between the increased levels of various gases (known collectively as greenhouse gases). Pollution affects us on a global scale, but it can be reduced or improved by efforts at the local and personal level.The easiest way to start contributing to the effort to reduce pollution is to minimize ones own pollution of the environment. It is this diffuse type of pollution which is much more difficult to catch and trace. Individual citizens not disposing of their wastes properly, or households with misconnected drains, all have a small effect on pollution levels, and collectively this adds up to a large increase in pollution if unchecked or unreported. This is the pollution whose source is often unnoticed, and it is up to each individual to eliminate himself or herself as a source of this anonymous, unaccountable pollution.Many nonprofit organizations and agencies concerned with the welfare of our environment are engaged in activities to counter pollution and its effects. Participating in local community clean-up events can help to not only reduce the level of pollution in a community, but also heightens the awareness of people regarding pollution issues, especially if the organizers have invited an environmental expert to deliver a talk about problems relevant to the community. Recycling gadgets instead of throwing them away is a solution that helps both the consumers and the manufacturing industries.Sony Electronics, Inc. has a recycling program that accepts old or non-working Sony branded products free of charge, and even products of other companies for a small fee (On a higher level, government environmental agencies monitor the major point sources of pollution such as wastes disposed by large factories and industrial companies. With pollutions far-reaching consequences, nations must help each other to remediate the worst polluted areas. An estimated 1 billion people are affected by pollution issues, and a majority of those people are in the developing world, where a general lack of awareness and local regulation of pollution has reduced the overall life expectancy and quality of life (Hanrahan et al., 2).With minimal financial investment, a number of remediation measures can be carried out in some of the worst polluted areas in the developing world. These measures will help save lives, particularly of children, at an estimated cost of only one to fifty US dollars per person each year. However, implementing such measures often takes a back seat to the basic needs of education and primary health services that local governments often must prioritize (Hanrahan et al., 2-4). This is wherefore it is important to have international intervention and cooperation, not apathy and the selfish attitude summed up by its someone elses problem, let them take care of it.In dealing with pollution it is important to keep in mind that many of the sources contributing to pollution are industries upon which modern society is dependent. dig and agriculture are two examples of ancient activities that have helped men to develop their civilizations. Mining enabled us to arm better shelters and construct the tools and implements that we use in everyday tasks.Agriculture and the potential to store surplus food has taken us from the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers and brought humans together in the first settlements, which eventually grew into cities and states. Pollut ion is a byproduct of these activities, and the effort to reduce or prevent pollution is not trying to destroy major industries or cease the production and development of new technology. It is an effort to make the producers and consumers responsible for the regulation of wastes created by these activities, and their proper management and disposal.We live in an age of awareness, and thanks to our awakening and gradual realization of how we affect the world around us, todays environmental crisis has increasingly become a fact of life in the modern world. Modern governments should no longer be intent on debating the validity of environmental concerns, but focused on finding and implementing solutions. The root of these problems human degradation of the environment and exploitation of its resources has been at work ever since the dawn of the civilized age.The environmental crisis of the present, on both the global and local levels, is not a burden that we have borne for only a few ge nerations it is a result of centuries, even millennia, of human exploitation of available resources without the guidance of modern environmental science, accelerated by the industrialization brought about by developing technology, and abetted by attitudes and sensibilities that have developed in ignorance of how we impact our surroundings.The inertia of these outdated attitudes and accelerating industrial processes is extensive and cannot be so easily stopped it may take decades to realize the full extent of the damage we have done to the environment in every aspect, and perhaps longer to reverse the trend. But for many of us, the fundamental error in thinking has, at least, been corrected. Environmental problems elsewhere in the world are no longer just someone elses concern. With modern globalization, what we do in our part of the world affects everyone else, and if we continue to act and think with that in mind, the environmental problems facing all of society will be managed by society as a whole.Works CitedA slow-moving oil spill. Ed. John Dodge. 01 celestial latitude 2007. The Olympian. 04 December 2007 http//news.tradingcharts.com/futures/5/7/101611775.htmlAkbar, S. et al. World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005. Germany Druckpartner Moser, 2005.Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M. Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea invasive versus introduced macrophytes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002 January 44(1)32-8.Buell, Frederick. From Apocalypse to Way of conduct Four Decades of Environmental Crisis in the U.S. New York Routledge, 2003.Diamond, Jared. Collapse. New York Penguin Books, 2005.Environment Agency, 2003. The Water Framework Directive not only a question of quality. Bristol Environment Agency.Environment Agency, 2004. Soil, the hidden resource. Bristol Environment Agency.Environment Agency, 2007. The unseen threat to water quality. Bristol Environment Agency.Hanrahan, D. et al. Blacksmith Institute. Cost Effectivenes s and Health Impact of Remediation of Highly Polluted Sites in the Developing World. 2007.International Atomic Energy Agency. Chernobyls Legacy Health, Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Austria IAEA, 2006. oppugn of Al Gore. Larry King Live. CNN. 05 July 2007.Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project. Ed. Jennifer Blake. 10 January 2005. Columbia University. 02 December 2007 http//www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Lates_niloticus.htmJohn, E. M. et al. Medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk findings from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. International Journal of Cancer 2007 July 121(2)386-94. sleeper Between Climate Change and Biological Pollution could Harm Northwest. Ed. Derek Reiber. 02 July 2001. Sightline Institute. 02 December 2007 http//www.tidepool.org/derek/invasives.htmlNoise Pollution Control. 2007. Maryland Department of the Env ironment. 05 December 2007 http//www.mde.state.md.us Path Programs Multimedia Programs Noise Pollution Control.Pollution and its effect to the environment Interview with Ricky Clancy of Sony Electronics Blog. 27 September 2007. 05 December 2007. http//bdpollution.blogspot.com/2007/09/interview-with-ricky-clancy-of-sony.htmlRisk/Benefit of Medical Radiation Exposures. Ed. Kelly Classic. 04 December 2007. Health physics Society. 04 December 2007 http//hps.org Path HPS Publications Articles.Thermal Pollution. Ed. Silvia Lourenco and Rute Neves. 05 December 1996. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 04 December 2007 http//www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Environmental/THERMAL/tte1.htmUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Noise A Health Problem. Washington, 1978

Psychology of Color Essay Example for Free

psychological science of pretext EssayThe brain receives signals from three different warp channels sanguine, blue-blooded, and grand. When the brain receives a mix of these signals, we grasp simulationise that atomic number 18 mixtures of these three primary colours through a process called cloak step-up (Think Quest Color psychological science). All colo crimson visible light rout out be evince as any mixtures or consistencies of red, blue, or green, which by perception between the eyes and the brain, produces the vast spectrum of color that exists to pityings and other organisms alike. With the ability to alter our moods and bodily functions, color has more of an impact on us than we may realize.Each color produces different make on humans, bringing about numerous physiologic and psychological changes as unique as the color itself. Its presence everywhere in our daily lives makes these effects inevitable, no matter how unaw ar we ar of them. colourise n on only alter the state of our intelligence and body merely usher out in like manner reveal a lot about ourselves, including our personality, experiences, and ability to complot memories. Colors can be categorized into deuce groups, warm colors and cool colors. Warm colors consist of any shade of red, orange, yellow, and pink.They can evoke emotions ranging from impressions of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Cool colors consist of greens, blues, and purples. Although they for the most part create a calming, soothing effect, they can excessively bring feelings of sadness or indifference (Kendra Cherry Color Psychology How Colors Impact Moods, Feelings, and Behaviors). Although each of the colors within these dickens groups produces altercations somewhat similar to those of its group members, they create their own objective, iodine-of-a-kind effects on the human body and spirit. ablaze(p) is one and only(a) of the three primary colors, as well as one of three different color channels the brain receives signals from. It represents blood, heat, passion, love, intensity, danger, and is often assortd with Christmas and Valentines Day (Nicholson, Mary, Dr. Colors and Moods). Being a very touch color, whenever the sight of it is picked up and signaled to the brain, red activates the adrenal glands. Physiologically, red can increase heart rate, respiration, appetite, and blood pressure. It can withal raise stamina and improve the functioning of the central nervous system (Kate Smith, Color Meaning, Symbolism, and Psychology).The psychological effects of red include feelings of anger, vitality, and a sense of protection from fears and anxieties. Red can also increase enthusiasm, irritability, and sensuality. With its ability to dispel nix thoughts, it instigates confidence, action, and ambition (Think Quest). In a study by professor of psychology Andrew Elliot and researcher Daniela Niesta, it has been demonstrated that the color red makes men feel more amorous towards women (Science passing(a) Red Enhances Mens Attraction to Women, Psychological playing field Reveals).Even before the experiment, research provided both(prenominal) empirical and biological support to Elliot and Niestas claim. Empirically, red has been associated with romantic love and passions across cultures and the millennia. Biologically, they found credit in humans deep evolutionary roots to primates. Research has shown that nonhuman male primates are particularly attracted to females displaying red. Female baboons and chimpanzees, for example, redden conspicuously when nearing ovulation, sending a clear sexual signal knowing to attract males (Science Daily).The study looked at mens responses to photographs of women under various color presentations. In one experiment, subjects were shown a photograph of a woman border by a border of red and either white, elderly, green or blue. The men were then asked questions about how attracti ve they found the women to be. Another experiment consisted of two photos of the akin woman in which the womans shirt was digitally colored either red or blue. Along with questions concerning attraction, they were also asked about their intentions about dating, such as Imagine that you are going away on a date with this person and have $100 in your wallet.How such(prenominal) money would you be willing to spend on your date? (Science Daily). The results of the experiment showed that under all conditions, the women wearing or framed by red were rated significantly higher in attractiveness and sexual desirability than the exact same woman shown with any other color. Those whose favored color is red are typically outgoing, impulsive, aggressive, and restless in personality. Red is a color chosen by those who carry an open nature and a proclivity for vitality (Annie B. Bond, Your Favorite Color What it Says About You). Orange is a color that commands much attention.It represents w armth, enthusiasm, exuberance, liveliness and is also associated with Thanksgiving and Halloween (Nicholson). Physiologically, orange can brace the sexual organs, benefit the digestive system, and strengthen the immune system. It incites activity, socialization, and collect to its hate-it-or-love-it quality, it also sparks controversy (Smith). Psychologically, orange relieves feelings of self-pity, lack of self worth, and unwillingness to forgive. It can also open emotions, increase energy, and even serve as a perceptual antidepressant (Think Quest).Due to its association with arrogance, danger, and over-emotion, a comply proves that orange has been labeled as Americas Least Favorite Color (Laurie Pawlik-Kienlen The Subconscious Psychology of Color). People who prefer the color orange are often flamboyant, fun-loving, and enjoy living a social life. They can be somewhat histrionic and fickle, but are generally good-natured, agreeable, and popular (Bond). yellow is an uplifting co lor that is most associated with optimism, intellectuality, enlightenment, happiness, and signs of a bright future.Yellow can increase alertness and decisiveness, encourage communication, and stimulate the muscles and lymph system. Yellow can also activate the brain, spark clear, creative and intelligent thoughts, encourage memory, and stimulate mental processes (Smith). In a psychological sense, yellow brings feelings of happiness and increases perceptiveness, self-confidence, and optimism. It aids in discernment, good judgment, organization, and judgement (Think Quest). However, a dull yellow can bring feelings of fear. Those who favor yellow generally tend to be adventurous, shrewd, and carry a strong sense of humor.They can often shun responsibility due to their bring outdom-loving personalities, but are usually clear and precise thinkers who have a good outlook on life (Bond). As one of the three color channels, green occupies more space in the spectrum visible to the human e ye than most colors. dark-green represents nature, health, abundance, wealth, good luck, growth, peace, and clarity. Green can help acquire physical symmetricalness and relaxation, and has been shown to be beneficial to the heart. It also relaxes muscles and induces slower, deeper breathing (Smith).Psychologically, green has a tranquilizing and balancing effect. It brings about comfort, laziness, relaxation, and harmony. It can also alleviate nervousness and anxiety, and offer a sense of renewal and self-control (Think Quest). Surveys show that Green is Americas second favorite color (Pawlik-Kienlen). It usually a color liked by those who are gentle, sincere, and reputable. However, their tendency to be too modest and patient can lead to their exploitation. They are generally community-minded people who prefer peace at any price (Bond). Blue is the last of the three color channels.It is closely associated with spirituality, melancholy, cleanliness, wisdom, sadness, trustworthiness , and commitment (Nicholson). Being at far ends of the color spectrum, the color blue has almost tout ensemble opposite effects of the color red. Blue decreases appetite, breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. It also regulates sleep patterns, keeps hit the books marrow healthy, and stimulates the pituitary and thyroid glands and causes the production of calming chemicals. Blue brings feelings of calmness and relaxation. It can also authorize insomnia, aid intuition, and increase mental clarity and control (Smith).However, an excessive amount of blue can be depressing and saddening (ThinkQuest). Surveys prove that the color blue, being the least gender specific, is labeled as Americas Favorite Color (Pawlik-Kienlen). People whose favorite color is blue are typically preserving, sensitive, and self-controlled. Even though they can be worriers who are often cautious, they are faithful and have steady character (Bond). empurple is the majestic color of mystery, creativity, unres t, and royalty (Nicholson). Being the mixture of red and blue, the effects of the color purple tally elements from those of both red and blue.Physiologically, purple can alleviate skin conditions suppress hunger, balance metabolism, and calm the mind and nerves. It can also be perceived as an antiseptic and a narcotic (Smith). Psychologically, purple increases creativity, intuition, imagination, and sensitiveness to beauty, high ideals, spirituality, and compassion. It can balance the mind, cleanse emotional disturbances, and combat states of shock and fear (Think Quest). Purple is the favorite color of adolescent girls. Those who prefer purple over all the other colors tend to be artistic, individualistic, fastidious, and witty.They can become aloof and sarcastic when misunderstood, but are generally unconventional, tolerant, and dignified (Bond). Pink is associated with youth, romance, free spirit, lightheartedness, love (Nicholson). Being a lighter tint of red, many aspects of red are evident in the color pink. Pink can stimulate energy and help muscles relax. Like red, it also increases blood pressure, respiration, heartbeat, and jiffy rate. Pink offers feelings of calmness, protection, and a sense of nurture. It encourages action, reduces erratic behavior, and sparks a proclivity to be carefree (Smith).Embodying the gentler qualities of red, pink represents peaceful sensuality and unselfish love. People whose favorite color is pink are often charming, maternal, and gentle. However, they tend to desire a sheltered life and require affection, perhaps wanting to appear delicate and fragile (Bond). browned is an organic color that represents reliability, approachability, the natural demesne, and connections with the Earth (Nicholson). It provides a sense of orderliness, security, stability, and wholesomeness. It also conveys withholding emotion and feelings of retreating from the world (Smith).Those who like the color brown are generally steady, conser vative, conscientious, and accountable. They may be tactless and inflexible, but they are responsible and kind (Bond). minacious, white, and gray are not considered colors, but are shades. Although they elicit no physiologic effects, they still bring about psychological changes. Black represents authority, power, emptiness, sophistication, silence, and death (Nicholson). It evokes strong emotions and sense of potential and possibility. Black produces feelings of passiveness, emptiness, and being inconspicuous (Smith).Those who like black want to give a mysterious appearance, which depicts a tincture of hidden depths and inner longings (Bond). White represents purity, neutrality, and safety (Nicholson). It aids mental clarity, encourages the elimination of clutter, purifies thoughts and actions, enables fresh beginnings, and offers a feeling of freedom and openness (Smith). However, an overabundance of white can bring feelings of separation, coldness, and isolation. People who li ke white indicate a desire for perfection, simplicity, and a recapture of lost youth and freshness (Bond). Gray is the shade middle black and white.It is associated with dignity, conservativeness, control, independence, and authority (Nicholson). Gray increases independence, self-reliance, evasion, non-commitment, and lack of involvement (Smith). It is unsettling and creates a sense of high expectations, separation, and loneliness. Those who like gray are hard-working and often search for composure and a steady life with few ups and downs (Bond). The effects and associations of a color vary from person to person subjectively. Changes in the general effect of a color depend on some ones personality, experiences, culture, and memories.Through a subjective perspective of color, a negative association with a color could cause undesirable effects and stir distaste towards that color. For example, if you receive a heartbreaking letter sealed in a green envelope, green may now be your lea st favorite color due to a new subconscious association with heartbreak and sorrow. In Elliot and Niestas study on the relationship between attraction and the color red, they also concluded that Although red enhances positive feelings in this study, earlier research suggests the meaning of a color depends on its context.For example, Elliot and others have shown that see red in competition situations, such as written examinations or sporting events, leads to worse surgical procedure (Science Daily). In a study transfered by UC Berkley, researchers found that peoples color preferences were middlemaned to their experiences. To conduct their studies, the researchers had four different groups perform four different tasks judge their color preferences, recording the objects they associated with each color, rating how they felt about each object or matching an object to a color (Rachel Banning-Lover Study Links Color Preference to Experiences).They found that color preference was hig hly shaped by experience. For example, one subject stated that their favorite color was pink, and then later admitted to having fond memories in her sisters pink bedroom, which would produce a positive association with the color pink. The researchers also discovered a link between school spirit and color preferences. Those who attended Berkley generally preferred their own school colors, blue and gold, over red, Stanfords school color. There has also been cross-cultural evidence that creates varying effects of color.cross-cultural differences can occur in two ways different cultures may have different objects that turn individuals perceptions of certain colors, or two cultures may have the same object but may associate different feelings with that object (Banning-Lover). For example, somebody from France may feel energized around navy bluealthough blues are typically calmingdue to the widespread use of the color in their country. Personality is a big, if not the biggest, impact on somebodys preference and perception of a color.In general, extroverts or those with spry personalities are drawn to richer, warmer colors, while introverts or those with relaxed personalities prefer cooler, more subtle colors (Bond). Colors that are found in certain areas of our everyday lives have a reason for being there. grounds the objective effects of colors, many places have used certain colors to subconsciously manipulate the domain into feeling or acting a desirable way, most of the time without them even realizing it.Red is usually used in restaurants, both fast food and sit-downs, due to its ability to increase the appetites of its customers and therefore change magnitude their likelihood of buying more food. Orange is the color of most traffic cones and construction signs. Used to press stud drivers attention, orange increases their awareness to prevent accidents. Green lights are often used in forensics due to its ability to incite a confession from criminals more than any other color of light. With its strong connection with the Earth, green is also used to promote environmentalism.Blue is commonly used in hospitals to calm patients. Research also shows that people are more productive in blue rooms, for example, weightlifters are able to lift heavier weights in blue gyms (David Johnson Color Psychology). Pink is proven to reduce erratic behavior, and is therefore used in many prison holding cells (Think Quest). Due to its ability to tranquilize, sports teams sometimes paint the locker room of the fence team pinks so their opponents will lose energy. White symbolizes neutrality and is used for truce flags. It is also have on by doctors and nurses to imply sterility (Johnson).The roots of studying the effects of color can be traced covering to ancient cultures, such as the Chinese and Egyptians. They practiced chromotherapy, or using colors to heal. For example, blue was believed to comfort illness and treat pain, while yellow was thought to stimulate the body (Cherry). Just like color psychology received much question in ancient times it still receives much skepticism today. No matter how unaware we are of the physiological and psychological effects of color, there is no disbelieve that color has a huge impact on our lives, playing a role in moods, decisions, sensations, and much more.