SplitBrain Psychology Essay Research Paper SplitBrain Psychology free essay sample

Split-Brain Psychology Essay, Research Paper Split-Brain Psychology A Paper by: David Norelid Imagine being asked to sing # 8220 ; Mary Had a Little Lamb # 8221 ; and non being able to retrieve the words but merely being able to hum the melody, or cognizing the full wordss, but merely being able to bawl out what most closely resembles the call of an abandoned calf. You can non sing and retrieve the words at the same clip because your encephalon hemispheres have been severed from each other. Imagine seeking to play the piano, while one manus wants to play Rachmaninov, and the other wants to play major and minor graduated tables. There are infinite people enduring through these jobs everyday because they underwent a surgical intervention for epilepsy. Although these jobs are awfully enfeebling to the patients, they have opened a wholly new beginning of boundless information for neurobiologists seeking to calculate out the consequence of the head on the organic structure, and frailty versa. We will write a custom essay sample on SplitBrain Psychology Essay Research Paper SplitBrain Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this paper we will seek to show the surgical process known as the split-brain operation and its effects on the persons public presentation. In a normal encephalon, stimuli come ining one hemisphere is quickly communicated by manner of the principal callosum to the other hemisphere, so the encephalon maps as a unit. When the principal callosum of an person is severed, go forthing a split encephalon, the two hemispheres can non pass on. In some signifiers of epilepsy a ictus will get down in one hemisphere, triping a monolithic discharge of nerve cells through the principal callosum and into the 2nd hemisphere. In an attempt to forestall such monolithic ictuss in terrible epileptics, brain surgeons can surgically break up the principal callosum, a process called a commissurotomy. If one side of the encephalon can no longer excite the other, the likeliness of terrible epileptic ictuss is greatly reduced. In a intellectual commissurotomy, the sawbones opens the skull, lays back the encephalon # 8217 ; s coverings and, with a tool called a intellectual retractor, exposes the principal callosum between the two hemispheres. The physician snips through the principal callosum, break uping communicating between the hemispheres and forestalling the transportation of ictuss. There are two hemispheres in your encephalon, the right and the left. At first glimpse, these hemispheres appear to be mirror images of one another, but closer scrutiny reveals that they are extremely specialised parts that serve differing maps. The left hemisphere governs our ability to show ourselves in linguistic communication. In over 95 % of right-handed people, the left hemisphere is dominant for address. The figure is slightly lower for left handers, about 70 % , but still extremely important. The left hemisphere is better so the right at acknowledging sequences of words and letters. It controls our logic, our logical thinking, and our analytical idea procedures. It can concentrate on inside informations, nevertheless it has trouble groking the whole image. The perceptual maps of the right hemisphere are more specialised for the analysis of infinite and geometrical forms and signifiers, elements that are all present at the same clip ( non consecutive like linguistic communication ) . The right hemisphere is the originative half ; it can # 8220 ; see # 8221 ; the whole out of parts, therefore leting us to link mystifier parts together. The right hemisphere besides plays and of import function in the comprehension of emotion. In an experiment where topics were shown images of faces with strong facial look, the right hemisphere was able to spot the look more accurately so the left hemisphere. In add-on, an experiment was done where topics listened to verbal messages said with different emotions. The messages were presented to each ear individually. When presented to the left hemisphere, the topic was more accurate refering the verbal content of the message. However, the right hemisphere was more accurate at placing the emotional tone of the voice. Ehrenwald has classified of import differences between the hemispheres. This information is best expressed as a tabular array: Table 1: General Left-right hemisphere properties Left Right Thinking Abstract, additive, analytic Concrete, holistic Cognitive manner Rational, logical Intuitive, artistic Language Rich vocabulary, good grammar and sentence structure ; pose no grammar, sentence structure ; inflection, hapless vocabulary metaphoric, poetry Executive capacity Introspection, will, initiative, sense of ego, concentrate on trees Low sense of ego, low enterprise, focal point on wood Specialized maps Reading, composing, arithmetic, sensory-motor accomplishments ; inhibits psi Three I # 8217 ; s, music, rich dream imagination, good face and gestalt acknowledgment, unfastened to psi Time experience Consecutive ordered, measured # 8220 ; Lived # 8221 ; clip, crude clip sense Spatial orientation Relatively hapless Superior, besides for forms, wire figures Psychoanalytical facets Secondary procedure, self-importance maps, consciousness ; superego? Primary procedure, dream-work, free assoc. hallucinations? Ideal paradigm Aristotle, Appollonian manner, Marx, Freud, Koestler # 8217 ; s Commissar Plato, Dionysian manner, Nietzsche, Jung Koestler # 8217 ; s Yogi There are two major information tracts by which information of the peripheral nervous system and the cardinal nervous system are exchanged: the somatosensory and the motor control pathways. Some general maps of each system can be separated and described, but these two tracts act upon one another in many ways. It is hard to state, # 8220 ; this is how somatosensory information travels, and this is how centrifugal information travels, # 8221 ; because both information tracts have influences over one another. The followers is a really basic sum-up of the information tract for both centripetal and motor systems. This should supply you with an apprehension of how a normal encephalon communicates with the organic structure, which in bend will assist you better understand how a cut off principal callosum might interfere with certain facets of motor control or ocular reading. The somatosenses provide information about what is go oning on the surface of our organic structure and inside it. Coetaneous senses, or tegument senses, respond to several different stimulations: force per unit area, quiver, warming, chilling, and events that cause tissue harm ( such as hurting ) . Organic senses arise from receptors in and around the internal variety meats, supplying us with unpleasant esthesiss ( such as stomach aches ) , or enjoyable 1s ( such as a cold drink on a hot summer twenty-four hours ) . Receptors located throughout our organic structures detect environmental stimulations, and rapidly direct information to matching parts in the encephalon. All nervous information is sent in the same mode, it is where, in the encephalon, the information is sent which determines how it will be interpreted and what type of matching information will be sent back as a response. Somatosensory axons from the tegument, musculuss, or internal variety meats enter the cardinal nervous system via spinal nervousnesss. Somatosensory nervousnesss located in the face and caput chiefly enter the encephalon through the cranial nervousnesss. Precisely localized information ( such as all right touch ) and inexactly localized information ( such as hurting and temperature ) are transmitted to the encephalon by different tracts. Axons that convey exactly localized information ascend throughout the dorsal columns in the white affair of the spinal cord to nuclei in the lower myelin. From at that place, axons really cross to the hemisphere opposite the side of the organic structure that the stimulations were received. Axons cross to the opposite side of the encephalon at the myelin, travel to the thalamus. The thalamus is divided into several karyons, or groups of nerve cells of similar form and map. Some of these karyons receive the centripetal information from the go uping tracts and project it out to the somatosensory cerebral mantle so that it can be interpreted. In contrast, the axons that convey ill localized information ( hurting, temperature ) enter the spinal cord and instantly cross to the opposite side. From here, these nerve cells ascend through the spinothalamic piece of land to the karyon in the thalamus, later being passed to the right part of the encephalon for reading. Information is sent to musculuss in the organic structure through motor tracts. This information allows you to flex your biceps, squash a tennis ball, rectify your position, and move. There are two types of falling tracts: corticospinal tracts, which originate in the intellectual cerebral mantle, and noncorticospinal tracts, which originate in the brain-stem. In general, the corticospinal tracts have greater influence over motor nerve cells that control muscles involved in all right, stray motions, peculiarly those of the fingers and custodies. The noncortoicospinal tracts are more involved with coordination of the big musculus groups used in things such as the care of unsloped position, balance, walking, and in caput and organic structure motions when turning toward a specific stimulation. Motor tracts may be excitant ( doing a musculus to contract ) , or inhibitory ( forestalling a musculus contraction ) . In general, the right hemisphere interprets information and controls actions of the left side of the organic structure. The left hemisphere interprets information and controls actions of the right side of the organic structure. If the connexion between the hemispheres is severed, centripetal information can non go through to the right part of the encephalon in order for matching response to be made. For illustration, callosal apraxia is a signifier of limb apraxia caused by harm to the anterior principal callosum. When a individual hears a verbal petition to execute a motion, allow # 8217 ; s say to raise both custodies in the air, circuits in the left hemisphere analyze the significance of the address. Then, a nervous bid activates the part of the encephalon that contains the memory of the motion, the prefrontal cerebral mantle. This information is passed to the portion of the encephalon that controls the existent motion to be performed, the motor cerebral mantle. The left motor ce rebral mantle controls the motions of the right manus, and the right motor cerebral mantle controls the motions of the left manus. In order for the right motor cerebral mantle to be activated so that the left manus can be raised, the analysis of the verbal bid must be passed from the left hemisphere to the right side, through the principal callosum. Therefore, the right arm can execute the requested motion, but the left can non. Early on after a split encephalon surgery, the patient shows a pronounced apraxia of the left manus to verbal bid. This occurs because the right hemisphere, which controls the left manus, has hapless linguistic communication comprehension. Unusually, this symptom recovers to a considerable grade. It is possible that the left hemisphere additions ipsilateral ( same side ) control of the left manus, and/or the right hemisphere acquires some basic linguistic communication accomplishment. Roger Sperry and Ronald Meyers foremost discovered the split encephalon in the research lab in the late 1950 # 8217 ; s. Initially they began experimenting with cats, and subsequently proceeded to analyze monkeys. In 1961 the first human patient was capable to the split encephalon surgery. The process worked good as a # 8220 ; remedy # 8221 ; for patients who suffered from terrible epilepsy and did non react to anti-epileptic drugs. It was shortly discovered that patients who had a commissurotomy had some interesting troubles. Patients were non able to pass on information from one hemisphere to the other, about as though they now had two separate encephalons. In surveies of hemispherical differences in ocular acknowledgment, stimulations are frequently presented with a t-scope, which flashes an image in a specific portion of the ocular field so fast that the topic does non hold clip to travel his or her eyes. In a standard split-brain experiment, a split-brain patient is seated in forepart of a screen that hides his or her custodies from position. Behind the screen, there are a twosome of objects that the topic can non see, in this instance a deck of cards and a key. The patient focuses their eyes on the centre of the screen, and the word # 8220 ; cardinal # 8221 ; is flashed really briefly in the left field of vision. The gestural right hemisphere of the encephalon receives information from the left field of vision, and the individual is non able to state the experimenter what they saw. The patient is so asked to utilize their left manus to make behind the screen and pick out the object that corresponds with the word that was flashed. Since the right hemisphere controls motion of the contralateral half of the organic structure, the left manus will be able to right place the object, although the patient is incognizant they even saw a word flashed. Further, every bit long as the object is in the patient # 8217 ; s left manus behind the screen and hidden from position, they can non relay to the perceiver what the object is. Sperry and other scientists proceeded with farther experimentation in order to find the relationship between the right and left hemispheres of the encephalon. How ( and what ) the hemispheres communicate would supply valuable penetration into the # 8220 ; mind # 8221 ; of a split encephalon patient. How did a commissurotomy affect one # 8217 ; s perceptual experiences of the outside universe? In one experiment, a word ( for illustration # 8220 ; fork # 8221 ; ) was flashed so merely the right hemisphere of a patient could have the information. The patient would non be able to state what the word was. However, if the topic were asked to compose what he saw, his left manus would get down to compose the word # 8220 ; fork # 8221 ; . If asked what he had written, the patient would hold no thought. He would cognize that he had written something, he could experience his manus traveling through the gesture, yet he could non state perceivers what the word was. Because there is no longer a connexion between the two hemispheres, information presented to the right half of the encephalon can non convey this information to the left. Interestingly plenty, the centres for address reading and production are located in the left hemisphere. Similarly, if the patient is blindfolded and a familiar object, such as a toothbrush, is placed in his left manus, he appears to cognize what it is ; for illustration by doing the gesture of brushing his dentition. However, he can non call the object to the experimenter. If asked what he is making with the object, gesticulating a brushing gesture, he has no thought. But if the left manus gives the toothbrush to the right manus, the patient will instantly state â€Å"tooth brush† . Micheal Gazzaniga, who did his alumnus work in Sperry # 8217 ; s research lab, did farther experiments which showed the efforts of the left hemisphere to counterbalance for it # 8217 ; s deficiency of information, every bit good as efforts by the right hemisphere to acquire it # 8217 ; s knowledge conveyed. When a split encephalon topic is subjected to trials where the left half of their encephalon does non cognize the right reply, it will frequently do something up based on the information it does hold. In this peculiar trial, each hemisphere was at the same time presented with a different cognitive trial. Each hemisphere was presented with a image and told to pick the object that relates to that image. The left hemisphere was shown a poulet claw, while the right viewed a snow scene. You can see that the patient is indicating to a poulet with his right manus, and a shovel with his left. After each hemisphere responded, the left hemisphere was asked to explicate its picks. The manner the topic verbally interpreted the dual field stimulation is of peculiar involvement. When asked what images he saw on the screen, the patient responded, # 8220 ; I saw a claw and I picked the poulet, and you have to clean out the poulet shed with a shovel. # 8221 ; Test after test, this sort of response occurred. The left hemisphere could easy and accurately place why the right manus chose the corresponding image that it had, and so later, and without batting an oculus, it would integrate the right hemisphere # 8217 ; s response into the model. While perceivers knew precisely why the right hemisphere and made its pick, the left hemisphere could simply think. What is interesting is that the left hemisphere did non offer its suggestion in a guesswork vena but instead as a statement of fact. This sketch illustrates another experiment done with a split encephalon topic in which the left hemisphere compensates without the individual being cognizant what is traveling on. Top Row: The bid # 8220 ; Laugh # 8221 ; was flashed to the left field of vision ( right hemisphere ) , and the topic laughed. When asked, # 8220 ; Why are you express joying? the topic said, # 8220 ; Oh # 8230 ; you guys are truly something. # 8221 ; In-between Row: The bid # 8220 ; Rub # 8221 ; was flashed to the right hemisphere and the topic # 8217 ; s left manus scratched the dorsum of the right manus. When asked what the bid was, the topic said, # 8220 ; Oh # 8230 ; itch. # 8221 ; Bottom Row: The instructions are # 8220 ; Assume the place of the flashed word. # 8221 ; The word flashed was # 8220 ; Boxer. # 8221 ; The topic clinched both fists and held them in a ready place. # 8220 ; What was the word? # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Oh # 8230 ; boxer. # 8221 ; The left hemisphere proved highly expert at instantly imputing cause to the action. The topic could non truly say why they were express joying, for the left hemisphere had non received any information from the right that the bid laugh had been flashed. The topic # 8217 ; s left hemisphere evaluated the response and characterized it. It compensated for its deficiency of cognition by naming upon old experiences in which laughing was an appropriate response and said, # 8220 ; Oh # 8230 ; you guys are truly something # 8221 ; . When the patient tried to explicate why she was rubbing the dorsum of her right manus, her left hemisphere once more tried to counterbalance for the deficiency of cognition, proposing to her that she had an scabies. The fact that she said # 8220 ; rub # 8221 ; alternatively of # 8220 ; rub # 8221 ; shows that she was thinking. Yet, the patient could be rather accurate when the bid gave less leeway for multiple descriptions, as in the instance of the word pugilist. The trial direction was to # 8220 ; presume the place of # 8230 ; . # 8221 ; The topic right assumed the pugilistic place, and when asked what the word was, he said, # 8220 ; Boxer. # 8221 ; But on subsequent tests, when she was restrained and the word pugilist was flashed, the left hemisphere said it saw nil. When released, nevertheless, she assumed the place and said, # 8220 ; O.K. , it was boxer. # 8221 ; In another experiment, a split encephalon patient is asked to place an object # 8211 ; such as a pencil # 8211 ; by making inside a bag and experiencing it. Success depends on which manus does the stretch. Most of the wiring in the organic structure is arranged contralaterally, with the left hemisphere acquiring its information from # 8211 ; and commanding # 8211 ; the right side of the organic structure, and vice-versa. Since the left hemisphere usually controls linguistic communication, when the patient reaches in the bag with his right manus he can readily place the object. However, if the left manus does the stretch, merely the right hemisphere gets the information that the object is a pencil, and is powerless to direct the voice to show this. Occasionally, it seems, a patient # 8217 ; s right hemisphere will hit upon a clever ploy. By happening the point of a pencil and delving it into his thenar, he causes a crisp hurting to be sent up the left arm. Some hurting fibres are ipsilaterally wired, therefore the language-controlling hemisphere gets a hint: it is something crisp plenty to do a hurting. # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s crisp # 8211 ; it # 8217 ; s possibly a pen? A pencil? # 8221 ; The right hemisphere, catching this voice, may assist it along with some intimations # 8211 ; detering the pen response, promoting the pencil # 8211 ; so that by a brief turn of Twenty Questions the left hemisphere is led to the right reply. Therefore, the right hemisphere may on occasion utilize other signifiers of communicating in order to counterbalance for the nonexistent principal callosum. These experiments, pioneered by Sperry and co-workers, provided penetration into the operations of the two hemispheres and how they are different. Until late it has been believed that the full principal callosum must be severed to supply proper alleviation from the terrible epilepsy the surgery was seeking to contradict. However this is non needfully the instance, the principal callosum might be able to be severed plenty to supply alleviation, without losing all nervous integrating. Dr. H. G. Gordon, a neurobiologist at the California Institute of Technology says the connexions at the dorsum of the encephalon entirely are adequate to incorporate both human hemispheres. Talking for a California research squad, he reported a new signifier of surgery, devised by P. J. Vogel of Los Angeles, which stops ictuss wholly, or at least renders them treatable with drugs. At the same clip, he added # 8220 ; Psychological trials of Vogel # 8217 ; s patients yield consequences indistinguishable to those of normal topics. We conclude, the intellectual hemispheres wholly integrate if but a little fraction of the principal callosum remains integral. # 8221 ; In Vogel # 8217 ; s new operation ( called anterior intellectual commissurotomy ) the sawbones opens the skull, lays back the encephalon # 8217 ; s coverings and, with a tool called a intellectual retractor, exposes the principal callosum between the two hemispheres Then he snips through the front three-quarterss of the principal callosum and, while at it, besides severs a pipe-cleaner-sized cross connexion known as the anterior commissure. But the dorsum of the principal callosum # 8212 ; the splenium # 8212 ; he leaves integral. The splenium of the principal callosum has been found to be the dominant way of the ocular facets of hemispheric integrating. Whereas the genus has been found to command motor facets. For this new process, the motor aspects much more pertinent to epilepsy ictuss, are severed, while the splenium, the centre of ocular cross over, remain integral . This would do the process required for terrible epilepsy much safer and more practical. The patient would be relieved of the utmost ictuss, while retaining interhemisphereic ocular tracts and some other communicating between hemispheres. This process is now widely used in topographic point of the complete principal commissurotomy, and experiments are being done with precisely how much of the encephalon demands commissured. The process doesn # 8217 ; t absolutely incorporate the two hemispheres, it has been found that callosal transportation times are significantly slower after the operation has occurred. This is thought to be because ocular transportation clip across the principal is slower so the motor transportation clip. Besides two-handed coordination is thought to be slightly inhibited by this process. Never the less, there is definite advancement over the complete loss of communicating which was thought to go on in the original split encephalon topics. Analyzing split encephalon patients # 8217 ; unusual behaviours has led us to detect valuable information about differences between the two hemispheres. The first of the human split-brain surveies began when Michael Gazzaniga joined Roger Sperry as a alumnus pupil at California Tech. In coaction with brain surgeon Joseph Bogen, they began a series of commisurotomies. The operation on their first patient, WJ, was a great success. Before the operation he integrated information between the two hemispheres freely, but after the operation he had two separate heads or mental systems, each with its ain abilities to larn, retrieve, and experience emotion and behaviour. Yet, WJ, was non wholly cognizant of the alterations in his encephalon. As Gazzaniga put it: # 8220 ; WJ lives merrily in Downey, California, with no sense of the outrageousness of the findings or for that affair any consciousness that he had changed. # 8221 ; As antecedently explained ( experiments ) , words flashed to the right field of vision of patients like WJ could be said and written with the right manus. In contrast, patients couldn # 8217 ; Ts say or write words flashed to their left field of vision. Although standard experiments revealed that right hemisphere is gestural, it is far from incompetent. Even though the right hemisphere could non pass on to observers what stimuli it had been presented with, it did demo some verbal comprehension. Even though the patient could non verbalise what word had been presented to the right hemisphere, the left manus was able to indicate to it within a list. Another interesting difference between the hemispheres that these patients displayed was that the right hemisphere was clearly superior in spacial undertakings such as set uping blocks and pulling in three dimensions. Research workers showed each hemisphere a simple drawing and had the corresponding manus pull it. Even though all three of the topics were right-handed, the left-hand drawings were clearly superior. Because of these hemispheric differences and specialisations, split-brain patients have some unusual traits. For illustration, they are less likely to speak about their feelings, as if they # 8217 ; re unavailable for treatment. The patients give grounds of holding two differing heads. The best illustration of this is patient Paul S. Paul # 8217 ; s right hemisphere developed considerable linguistic communication ability sometime old to the operation. Although it is uncommon, on occasion the right hemisphere may portion significant nervous circuits with, or even rule, the left hemisphere # 8217 ; s centres for linguistic communication comprehension and production. The fact that Paul # 8217 ; s right hemisphere was so good developed in it # 8217 ; s verbal capacity opened a closed door for research workers. For about all split encephalon patients, the ideas and perceptual experiences of the right hemisphere are locked off from look. Research workers were eventually able to interv iew both hemispheres on their positions about friendly relationship, love, hatred and aspirations. Paul # 8217 ; s right hemisphere stated that he wanted to be an car race driver while his left hemisphere wanted to be a draughtsman. Both hemispheres were asked to compose whether they liked or disliked a series of points. The survey was performed during the Watergate dirt, and one of the points was Richard Nixon. Paul # 8217 ; s right hemisphere expressed # 8220 ; disfavor, # 8221 ; while his left expressed # 8220 ; like. # 8221 ; Most split-brain patients would non be able to show the sentiments of their right hemispheres as Paul S. did, but this gives us penetration on the concealed differences between the hemispheres. These concealed differences are allowed to show themselves after a split encephalon operation because the two hemispheres are closer to bing independently. One hemisphere may non be able to stamp down or act upon differing sentiments, emotions, or desires of the other because most of the communicating between the two can no longer happen. As a consequence, conflicting hemispheric desires or sentiments can do disconnected encephalon patients to exhibit some unusual behaviours. One patient found his left manus fighting against his right manus when seeking to draw up his bloomerss in the forenoon. While the right manus tried to draw them up, the left was seeking to draw them down. On another juncture, he was angry with his married woman and attacked her with his left manus while at the same time seeking to protect her with his right! Split-brain patients have besides taught us about woolgathering. Scientists had hypothesized that dreaming is a right hemisphere activity, but they found that split encephalon patients do describe woolgathering. They found, hence, that the left hemisphere must hold some entree to woolgather stuff. What was most interesting was the existent content of the dreams of the split-brain patients. Klaus Hoppe, a psychoanalyst, analyzed the dreams of 12 patients. He found that the dreams were non like the dreams of most normal people. # 8221 ; The content of the dreams reflected world, affect, and thrusts. Even in the more luxuriant dream, there was a singular deficiency of deformation of latent dream ideas. The findings show that the left hemisphere entirely is able to bring forth dreams. Patients, after commisurotomy, uncover a dearth of dreams, phantasies, and symbols. Their dreams lack the features of dream work ; their phantasies are sterile, useful, and tied to world ; their symbolisat ion is concretistic, dianoetic, and rigid. # 8221 ; These surveies of abnormalcies of split encephalon patients as opposed to normal people are supplying much penetration on hemispheric specialisation. Even if some people can non play the piano right, put on a brace of bloomerss, or even comb their hair decently, they can accomplish a certain sum of normality in their lives by commanding the ictuss that affected them antecedently. They can every bit good derive some comfort in the cognition that their complaints are assisting psychobiologists learn more about the encephalon and its maps than of all time before.

Definition and Examples of Judicial Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Judicial Rhetoric According to Aristotle, judicial rhetoric is one of the three main branches of rhetoric: speech or writing that considers the justice or injustice of a certain charge or accusation. (The other two branches are deliberative and epideictic.) Also known as  forensic, legal, or judicial discourse. In the modern era, judicial  discourse is primarily employed by lawyers in trials decided by a judge or jury. See the observations below. Also see: ArgumentClassical RhetoricDeclamationDefinitions of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece and RomeWhat Are the Three Branches of Rhetoric? Etymology:  From the Latin, judgment. Judicial Rhetoric in Ancient Greece and Rome Anyone reading the classical rhetorics soon discovers that the branch of rhetoric that received the most attention was the judicial, the oratory of the courtroom. Litigations in court in Greece and Rome were an extremely common experience for even the ordinary free citizenusually the male head of a householdand it was a rare citizen who did not go to court at least a half a dozen times during the course of his adult life. Moreover, the ordinary citizen was often expected to serve as his own advocate before a judge or jury. The ordinary citizen did not possess the comprehensive knowledge of the law and its technicalities that the professional lawyer did, but it was greatly to his advantage to have a general knowledge of the strategies of defense and prosecution. As a result the schools of rhetoric did a flourishing business in training the layperson to defend himself in court or to prosecute an offending neighbor.(Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the M odern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999) Aristotle on Judicial Rhetoric and the Enthymeme [J]udicial rhetoric promotes justice and identifies injustice by appealing to the law. Forensic speech accepts as given the laws of the polis, so the section on judicial rhetoric uses enthymemes to adjust particular cases to general laws (Aristotles Rhetoric). Aristotle addresses accusation and defense as well as the sources from which their enthymemes should be drawn, investigating for what, and how many, purposes people do wrong . . . how these persons are [mentally] disposed, and what kind of persons they wrong and what these people are like (On Rhetoric, 1. 10. 1368b). Because Aristotle is interested in causation in order to explain wrong-doing, he finds enthymemes particularly useful in judicial rhetoric.(Wendy Olmsted, Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction. Blackwell, 2006) The Focus on the Past in Judicial Rhetoric Judicial rhetoric concerns only past fact and the application of uncontentious moral principles, so that it affords the ideal Aristotelian orator no grounds for uncertainty. But perhaps deliberative rhetoric, since it concerns future contingencies and the more or less likely outcomes of alternative policies, is a better prospect for comparison with dialectic.(Robert Wardy, Mighty Is the Truth and It Shall Prevail? Essays on Aristotles Rhetoric, ed. by Amà ©lie Oksenberg Rorty. University of California Press, 1996) Prosecution and Defense in Judicial Rhetoric In judicial rhetoric, prosecutors often try to evoke assent to the truth of a statement such as the following: John killed Mary. That is, prosecutors try to persuade their audiences to agree with their representations of reality. Some form of resistance to their arguments is implicit in their situations because opposing arguments are expected from the defense. Aristotle emphasized the notion of dispute or debate inherent in judicial rhetoric: In the law court there is either accusation or defense; for it is necessary for the disputants to offer one or the other of these (Rhetoric, I,3,3). This sense of the word persuasion is among its more common senses.(Merrill Whitburn, Rhetorical Scope and Performance. Ablex, 2000) The Model for Practical Reason While contemporary students of practical reasoning rarely think about rhetoric, judicial reasoning is the model for modern practical reason. We typically assume that practical reasoning has to proceed from rule to case and that the point of practical reasoning is to justify our actions. . . . For Aristotle deliberation is the model for practical reason because there the Aristotelian combination of the personal and the moral is real and fundamental, while in judicial rhetoric that combination is only created by the speaker.(Eugene Carver, Aristotles Practical Reason. Rereading Aristotles Rhetoric, ed. by Alan G. Gross and Arthur E. Walzer. Southern Illinois University Press, 2000) Pronunciation: joo-dish-ul

Knowledge Workers and the Brooklyn Bridge 8 Essay

Knowledge Workers and the Brooklyn Bridge 8 - Essay Example engineers, namely Washington Robeling and those who worked with him, that were mainly concerned with design aspects such as knowledge of gradient, impact of erosion by water over time, angles for rafters and columns and related information. Designing and construction of a bridge requires a basic knowledge and comprehension of the many aspects constituting â€Å"optimum structural and mechanical performance.† (Fertis, xiii). In the case of a highway bridge, dynamic and vibration analysis that needs to be carried out requires knowledge of the basic properties of the materials and cables that are used to build the bridge. Such knowledge of material properties is then used in performing the static and dynamic analysis, in developing a bridge design that is safe as well as functional. The static and dynamic analysis will involve calculations to determine both static and dynamic deformations of the bridge, together with its frequencies of vibration. This will also involve conclusions to be drawn on how long the bridge span should be in order to ensure that its rigidity is maintained in a safe design. Hence a knowledge worker working on the design and construction of the bridge in Robeling’s day would also have required a basic knowledge of statics, mechanics and structural mechanics. A knowledge worker would thus need to be acquainted with basic engineering concepts in designing of bridges. Communication in those days when the Brooklyn Bridge was first built centered around personal contact, hence these were restricted to light signals and Robelais passing on his communications through his wife. As a result, workers had to possess communication skills in interacting with members of their teams, most of whom were likely to have been drawn from the same local area of New York and largely comprising immigrants. But the kind of communication systems being used in the present day is also different from those existing during the time of Robelais. Knowledge workers may

(Dual Relationship) discuss the statment that in examing dual Essay

(Dual Relationship) discuss the statment that in examing dual relationships the most important issue is exploitation not duality - Essay Example Dual relationship in psychotherapy can be focused on the fact that the therapist has other existing or subsequent relationship to the patient. This relationship can either be in terms of the social aspect, financial aspect or even profession aspect. When the term dual is attributed it does not limit the issue on the concurrent relationships. Based on the opinions of the professionals the, it is important to prevent dual relationships due to the effects that can be brought about in the treatment of the patients. Basically, the relationship between therapists and patients should remain purely professional due to the probability that the medical treatments and interventions can be affected by the dual relationships that occur between the therapists and the patients. The optimum level of health care that can be given cannot be achieved if the main concern of the therapist can be affected by other issues due to the other relationship with the patient. In this case, the professionalism and the ethical issues are often considered and needed as guidelines. There are other issues that are needed to be co... But is important to consider that the cases wherein blood ties are considered as the connection between the therapist and the patient, it is still considered as a situation that is below the optimum expected. Another issue is related to the ethical considerations that can be attached to such relationships (Pope and Vetter, 1992). A. Types of Dual Relationships The main types of dual relationships are considered to be able to determine the proper actions that can be undertaken. These types are considered as the major ones which include the double roles, the double professions, the double financial relationships and the unavoidable dual relationships. The double roles can be defined as the type wherein the client or the therapist is connected in other ways. An example is the therapist may be a former student of the client. The said relationship can still be considered to have certain effects on the performance of the procedure. The relationship can be considered as relevant since it is one of the most common categories (Borys and Pope, 1989). Double professions on the other hand deals with the people that are into different professions and lines of work simultaneously. This is one of the reasons that these professionals meet people that may get their professional service. For example the therapist can at the same time be into the academe, thus students can also be clients (Borys and Pope, 1989). There are also cases of dual relationships that can be considered as inevitable and at some point a necessity. This can occur in cases such as the military wherein the officers may at the same time be therapists and medical professionals, thus are licensed to

Richard Pascale (the person who known as Honda Effect) Essay

Richard Pascale (the person who known as Honda Effect) - Essay Example The four dimensions incorporate the management of past, present and future. In addition to these dimensions, there is also the need for strategic intent as well as the need for agility on the management part as these are what will drive the sustainability of the organization in the future. Power is constant in the present and future, but the learning and identity development which was carried out in the past should be added on in the present as well as in the future. Contention will always be present and hence strategies to handle these conflicts should keep on being developed. Pascale further explains that not all moves an organization makes are calculated or based on years of positive research findings. He advocates for flexibility in the management as there is no on definite prescription to success. This is evident in the Honda story where they stumbled upon success in the US market despite market research eliciting negative findings. Sometimes success simply comes because of a series of unplanned effects but the most important thing is to be prepared to handle it once it comes and strategize on sustaining or even increasing it further (Pascal, 2000). The 7s theory model is relevant in all organizations and should be implemented by management. These include: style, strategy, skills, staff, shared values, structure as well as systems. The concepts mentioned briefly above are summarized in the table below and they all focus on using the past strategies to establish the present and build on the future. They are simply a guideline to the managers by Pascale for every organization on how to ensure that they not only succeed but they sustain the success in the future. Further issues to think about in management are the attitudes of the managers towards their jobs, employees and competitors. The job attitude matters a lot and especially for the new generation of managers whose patience is not their strongest

Sociological Perspectives Institution Of The Family

Sociological Perspectives Institution Of The Family Society is the subject of the social sciences. Generally Speaking society is that complex social organization of human beings that share an identity inhabiting dynamic relationships and a distinctive culture. Members of a society identify themselves through that society and work together with other members to ensure that the rules generally agreed upon by all members to govern how they relate to each other are in place. Sociological perspectives are viewpoints from which we study and understand society and its varied mechanics and elements. There are varied sociological perspectives available to social scientists for the purpose of study. What sociological perspective is used depends on the theories and purposes of the one undertaking the study. Functionalism, Conflict theory, and Social Interactionism are sociological perspectives that I believe can be used to study the social unit of the family. Functionalism looks at the family as if it was one mechanical entity with every member of the family taking on a role and a function affecting the whole. For example, the mother is the nurturer, support to the husband in terms of keeping the family together taking on household duties as well as economic duties; the father, traditionally is head of the family whose primary function is to provide for the economic and financial needs of his wife and children; the children are dependent on their parents but take on an important role towards each other and to their parents. What these roles are vary according to the age of the children and their stage in life. In the elder years of their parents, the children are expected to become the nurturer and provider for their parents, a role reversal of sorts. Since a functionalist perspectives focuses on roles/functions, when a family is in a state of conflict, the dynamics of family function can be looked at to pinpoint the areas of issue/tension for the purpose of finding solutions. Now, from a functionalist perspective, how can a member of a family view self and society? First off, the self-view will be rooted in function and expectations. The father for example will view himself as one who must provide for and protect his family based on standard expectations of what fathers do and what fatherhood means in the society he belongs to. He will view society as one of function and structure as well where his family makes up a unit integral to the functioning social groups he/his family belongs. Roles then will become part of the expected mental images a functionalist perspective gives in terms of viewing family and society. Thus, the roles of mother, father, daughter, son, aunt, uncle, grandparents, cousins all these are based on social and cultural standards. This extend s out to expected roles functions of key individuals in society as well as social groups (i.e. Priest, teachers, politicians, employers, church, government, businesses, etc.). In terms of social change, if change is systemic, it will be based on or will have to be rooted in the need to overhaul or effect a particular function for the purpose of adapting to or surviving challenges, conflicts or trends. Take for example the trend of and the established need to adapt to new communication technologies (3G phones, mobile internet). Once families used to not need such technologies to keep track of and keep in touch with family members to nurture relationships and fulfil obligations. Now though, parents and children have adapted digital technology in their lives to harness the function of connectivity and communication providing new avenues for family connectedness. On Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic interactionism as a perspective on the other hand looks at the micro relationships between family members looking at their everyday life and the relationship all members have with each other. It seeks to find out the finer details of social relationships in order to understand why they work/dont work. It seeks to see whether families attach certain meanings to social stereotypes in relation to their expectations from each other. At the same time it also seeks to understand how each other come to mean in the lives, choices and interpretations of each member. It seeks to establish the strength and frailty of familial relationships by providing details. It is different from functionalism in that it focuses on quality meaning of relationships instead of function alone. While functionalism sees the family as an organic entity that follows a unique structure according to role designation within the family-group, symbolic interactionism gives more weight to the function of relat ionships in the family structure. For example, the importance of family bonds can be measured in the way family members act towards each other. For Herbert Blumer (1986), the originator of the theory, familial relationships are best understood via the discourses and interactions of family members in their relationships towards each other for meaning is created via this, relationships built, conflicts resolved, positions taken. In other words, this sociological perspective is a discursive microscope that can create a genealogy of family relations and provide a picture of shared beliefs and unique family behaviour that contribute (or due to lack of prohibits from creating) towards a shared family culture and identity. What does this mean for members of a family? It is in discourse that meaning is created. Cultures and traditions of families are built over interaction and shared histories. Without interaction, meaning and relationships cannot be built. For individual members of the fam ily then, family is viewed as a dynamic and continual interaction with each other that allow for meanings and symbolisms to be invested and shared by those who interact. For example, a father can only be a father if he interacts with his children to fulfil his own expectations of himself as a father to his children and if the children respond to him in such a way that the interaction establishes a communication exchange, a discourse where father and children find meaning in each other. Therefore while the father works to provide for his children, without interaction, this relationship is not socially established in meaning making familial relations between father and children non-existent. Society from this perspective is seen as a massive social structure where truth and structures are established based on discourse; without interaction, without discourse, there is no progress especially in terms of shared cultural practices. A family vested in social interaction sees active relati onships as essential in establishing bonds and social change, at least within the family will only happen via discourse. For example, a status qou must be arrived at via discourse in which members of the family have come to agree or view a particular position or necessary action similarly to warrant collective shift in approaches or performance of a particular action. The Conflict Theory Conflict theory, a perspective rooted in the ideas of Emile Durkheim (social conflict crime) Karl Marx (dialectical materialism/Marxism) looks into differentials of power how power, influence and authority influences the distribution of access to resources, for example, in a particular social group. Hence, it is a good perspective in the study of criminology for it can be used to pinpoint the source/forces behind criminality due to access/lack of access to power economic resources. As a perspective in understanding the social unit of the family however, conflict theory can be used to understand the power relations in the family the hierarchy of family authority and control. Thus the use of conflict theory in the study of the family unit can be said to focus on the negative aspects of family structure and relations; at the same time however such a focus can it also bring out the relations of gender, of power and of control. Eventually, it is easy enough to identify who controls w hat and which in the family in order to assign responsibility and correct social and relationship conflict. Conflict theory is a tool used in identifying family issues in order to find ways to fix them. For instance, if a teen is having issues with his/her parents, conflict theory can be used to analyze and pinpoint the source of friction in order to ascertain remedies in fixing parent and child relations. In the case of extended families that are so typical in parts of Asia (i.e. Thailand, the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam) wherein extended families allow economic and social support for members of the clan that cannot otherwise support themselves, their children and their needs, conflict theory is perfect in unravelling the relations of power and control including identifying factions, matriarchy patriarchy patterns and areas of resolution (especially if the conflict theory is taken on to resolve a familial issue). Members of a family using the conflict theory can be viewed as so cial agents differentiated by their access to power and resources. Hence, they are essentially competing with each other. A family member can look into ones position in the family to assess his or her access to influence, power and resources to determine his/her position in the family. If parents, for example are fair, and if the mother and the father see each other as equals then in the decisions that they make, this is reflected. But if this is not the case, if the father has more say in family matters including economic issues, then there is a differential between husband and wife in terms of familial authority. If all children in the family are treated the same and given similar opportunities, then one can say that access to resources and authority is fair; but if one is treated better than the other then there is definitely a differential in terms of access to power and resources between children. Members of families who view their primary grouping as one of competition for res ources (i.e. one of conflict) sees society as a bigger representation of their own issues to resources and authority within their families. They will view society as an intensely competitive social arena where to survive; one must be adept in working towards more power and access to resources via structures like schools, government and civilian organizations (businesses, NGOs, private firms). Social change is inevitable for status qou will change dependent on the sway of power at any given time. From this perspective, society is continually changing and power changes hands regularly due to competition. Word Count:1,729

John Miltons Life and Writing Essay -- John Milton biographies Essays

John Milton's Life and Writing John Milton did not just write poetry. He put his life, his thoughts, into words. Milton began his life in Cheapside, England, because his father’s wealthy family was Roman Catholic and John Milton Sr., Milton’s father, decided to become Protestant, therefore he was disinherited (Muir). However, the Milton family did not remain poor, John Milton Sr. was able to establish a wealthy family once more. He became a scrivener, which is a law writer, and was also a music composer on the side (Liukkonen). After money was no longer a threat, Milton attended Christ’s College in Cambridge (Browning). Milton’s works seem to be split into four distinct phases; these phases are a direct result of events taking place in his life. The first phase that Milton’s life went through was virtually nothing. Literally meaning that Milton did nothing, â€Å"he adopted no profession but spent six years at leisure in his father's home†(Muir). Milton’s first works were done in ancient languages, such as Latin, Greek and Italian, but these were done before he graduated when he was not considering a profession in writing. The first phase of his writings were done during the time he had no job. The works best reflecting this period of his life are L’Allegro, Il Penseroso and Lycidas, which were written up to year 1637. These poems were not specifically focused on what was occurring in the world at that time, because at that time Milton was not very involved with the world. These poems had themes focused on thoughts that ran through Milton’s mind. Among Milton’s most famous first works are L’Allegro and Il Penseroso, which are companions to one another. He uses these poems to focus on two different lifestyles. L’Allegro is the... ... a completely majestic lifestyle, but he used his poetry to express himself, and expression can always help to lighten any morbid emotions. Not only was Milton able to express himself, writing granted him a goal, and having a goal to strive for makes life worth living no matter how bad it seems to get. As soon as Milton realized what he wanted to do with his life, write, his goal was to create such an exemplary piece of work that it would never be forgotten, and he succeeded. Works Cited Browning, Mark. â€Å"John Milton (1608-1674).† 1 Dec. 2003 . â€Å"The Dream of the Rood.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. Ed. by M.H. Abrams, et al. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2000. 100-102. Liukkonen, Petri. â€Å"John Milton (1608-1674).† Books and Writers.1 Dec. 2003 . Muir, Kenneth. â€Å"John ‘The Lady’ Milton.† Incompetech. 1 Dec. 2003 .

Hamlet’s relationship with his mother Gertrude Essay

When Gertrude in ‘the Closet Scene’ faces Hamlet, we get a greater understanding of Hamlet’s emotional state. His mindset and emotional state vary throughout the scene from bitter hostility towards his mother and step father, to timid fear of the Ghost in the light of his inaction, and finally to intimate resolve and benevolence as he advises his mother on how to aid his situation and her own. Hamlet, depicted as â€Å"The glass of Fashion and mould of form†, is expected of polite forms of chivalry and temperate speech. But, on the contrary, he is strikingly coarse, even brutal in his talk with his mother, and goes on with unnecessary details of her sin. Indeed, he makes more of this than his father’s murder. So disgusted is he, by the picture of her sexual relations with the â€Å"bloat king† and his â€Å"reechy kisses† pressed on her in the â€Å"rank of sweat of an enseam’d bed†. As Mr. Ivory Brown states, â€Å"it is surely plain that Hamlet (Shakespeare) has some special woman in mind, a wanton, with special tricks of speech and habit of using mocking names, and with a tendency to some kind of fidgety or skipping gait. † Even while Gertrude is probably hysterical or saddened Hamlet continues to chide her whilst she is at her lowest and most vulnerable point, â€Å"Honeying and making love, Over the nasty sty,† Hamlet sees his mother as a disgustingly sensual creature, driven by carnal needs. He seems to forget that she is his mother, who has given birth to him, raised him, and showered him with love. And she deserves a certain degree of respect from her son. However, despite everything, Hamlet’s emotional struggles with Human Nature and his shattered illusions, he has not lost love for either of his parents, as reflected in the goals of this scene. When the ghost reappears, Hamlet treats it with respect and humble submission. But, even though he loves his mother, in his heart, he has no respect for her. As he states, â€Å"I must be cruel only to be kind†. His strong words help express his own feelings of rage, and in addition, help Gertrude realize her sin and lead her towards repentance. After his periods of bitterness, anger and fear he realizes that she finally understands his message about her actions, Claudius, and his own assumed madness. His tone then changes from one of bitterness and rage to one of almost priestly counsel as he explains to her how to remedy the situation. Gertrude is described as a frail character, which lacks feeling. She is of an insensitive nature, not likely to be troubled by guilt. A placid nature, even stolid, she cannot rise high. Like Hamlet, despite her sin, Gertrude reveals that she still loves Hamlet, even if she makes no indication as to whether she still loves the Late King or Claudius. Even though she offers no defense of Claudius, for Hamlet’s accusations of regicide. And nowhere dos she affirm Hamlet’s admiration and love for his father. But she does love Hamlet and shows her love though her actions. As Claudius states, † The queen, his mother, lives by his looks†. She addresses him in affectionate terms, even in moments in the scene, which bring her pain, shame and confusion. These include calling him â€Å"Sweet Hamlet† and â€Å"gentle son†. She echoes these terms in the last scene of the play, when, rather than any addresses to either husband, in her dying words, she cries â€Å"Oh my dear Hamlet! † This implies that Hamlet is more important to her than either of her husbands, or anyone else in the court. Hamlet is probably the only person she truly loves. The actions of Claudius and Gertrude showed Hamlet a darker, more lustful animalistic side of nature, particularly in his mother, who longs for Claudius, â€Å"as if increase of appetite had grown by what it fed on†. This shatters his illusion of inherent goodness and virtue of mankind. If his own mother is corrupted by sin and lust, the how can anything or anyone in the world be truly virtuous? This disillusionment, anger and disappointment continue through most of the play, and appear in this portion in Hamlet’s scathing tirades against Queen. In one, he speaks to hell itself, yelling, â€Å"If thou canst mutine in a matrons bones, To a flaming youth let virtue be as wax, and melt in her own fire. † If sin can corrupt an older, wiser, calmer person such as the Queen, the virtue has no value in the world, and society can plunge into chaos. Hamlet exclaims, â€Å"Frailty thy name is woman! † Hamlet’s problem is supposed to be his feelings of disgust towards his mother. Thus the actions of his mother have lead him to believe that all women are capable of acting in this wicked way. Women, the frail members, provoke lust and feed it and Shakespeare looks for these indications, and denounces them. His inability to have a successful relationship with Ophelia is a result of this belief. He treats Ophelia with little respect, and subjects her to loathsome verbal abuse, bursting with sexual innuendo, as even in the mousetrap scene he twists everything Ophelia says, to make it sound vulgar, as he states, â€Å"That’s a fair thought to lie between a maids legs†. Hamlet’s mind is crowded with feelings of betrayal, disappointment and distrust. He ruins his relationship with the beautiful, sweet natured Ophelia due to his suspicion and distrust in the fairer sex. And Hamlet probably only realizes Ophelia’s virtue and good nature after her death, when he realizes that Ophelia had been faithful to him, and had truly loved him, so much so that she couldn’t bear his negative attitude towards her and grieved to the point, where she became mad, and then died. Uncertainty and conflict are two of the major themes of Hamlet, and both play an important role in this scene. The themes of uncertainty and appearance versus reality also appear in several inter-character relationships. The relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude is a good example. Their entire relationship is highly controversial, and there is not one explanation that proves their relationship natural or simple. Hamlet’s madness is also a good example of this. Hamlet pretends to be mad, but is not quite so, but still towards the end, even we are confused whether Hamlet’s feigned madness is actually settling in. Shakespeare fills the play with imagery of sight and blindness. Shakespeare uses this motif to see how clearly the characters can see the truth about themselves and others. Blindness to one’s heart, motives and sins leads one to excuse sins and continue in them, as Gertrude does. Her lust has blinded her to the sinful nature of her incestuous marriage to Claudius. Also we see that everyone else in the kingdom is blind to the incestuous nature of Gertrude’s marriage. This leads Hamlet to believe that he is alone in a nasty, immoral world. Where people are blind to sins as immoral as incest. Thus the Theme of Morality is major concern of Hamlet himself, as he wants those around him to feel just as strongly about the issue. His morality is largely responsible for the lack of action regarding the change of revenge on Claudius. His conscience does not permit him to kill Claudius without being sure that Claudius is responsible for King Hamlet’s regicide. So he waits to kill Claudius only after he is sure Claudius is guilty, after the play-within-the-play. Shakespeare also employs several motifs to enrich the theme of morality. One of these is sickness and disease. He compares Gertrude’s sin to a disease or ulcer, which will subtly rot her soul if she ignores it. As he says â€Å"will but skin and film the ulcerous place, While ranks corruption, mining all within, infects unseen†. A similar motif is the image of the â€Å"unweeded garden† in his first soliloquy. Hamlet sees the world, filled with sinful people as an unweeded garden. The connections with Denmark being corrupted and diseased are metaphorical for Gertrude’s relationship with Claudius, incestuous and corrupted. Hamlet is the most realistic character Shakespeare ever created. His relationship with his mother was extremely natural, in the fact that it experienced certain abnormalities, as in the case of all relationships. Their love for each other is painful, but ultimately helps them grow as people and fulfill their obligations- Hamlet’s duty to avenge his father’s death and Gertrude’s duty to repent and try to protect her son from himself and those around him. Hamlet was merely a man, with motives unknown to him, with secret agendas and internal conflicts that remain unresolved.

What Philosophy Means To Me Example

What Philosophy Means To Me Example What Philosophy Means To Me – Coursework Example What Philosophy means to me Speaking of the ment that were the hardest to respond to, one would have to the one about morality. Indeed, this notion is quite a debatable one since there is a considerable number of different ethical approaches that contradict with each other, yet seem quite convincing when analyzed independently (Chaffee, 2013).The above mentioned dilemmas relate to each other in the following way: they provide a person with two completely opposite views on the same problem. For example, the question about free will and determination of the actions allows a person to choose one’s position with regard to this issue. In other words, there is no third option among these ones (Schick the remaining ones reflect philosophical views on morality and ethics, theology and epistemology (Solomon & Higgins, 2014).All the above mentioned areas of philosophy are closely connected to my personal goals for this course as I am willing to learn a lot about the notion that are not quite familiar to me and improve my knowledge of some debatable issues. ReferencesChaffee, J. (2013). The philosophers way: Thinking critically about profound ideas (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Schick, T., & Vaugh, L. (2008). What is your philosophy? In Doing philosophy: An introduction through experiments. New York: McGraw-Hill.Solomon, R. & Higgins, K. (2014). The big questions: A short introduction to philosophy (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia essays

Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia essays Imperialism is defined as the policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations, according to the dictionary. In order for this paper to exist, the following information must be made known. Simply put, the countries controlling the lovely IRs would be Russia, Britain, and France. However, the power over the countries shifted, and on certain occasions wasnt even there. Also, the pre-existing forms of government need to be related in order to understand the changes that occurred. Although Iraq and Saudi Arabia were under the control of the Ottoman Empire, Iran only fell to that fate for a few years. It was basically independent. Some time after 1355, Timur, a relative of Genghis Kahn, attempted to reinstitute Mongol rule. It didnt work out so well though. The Persians took their land back and gained power once again in 1501, with the Safavid dynasty. Afghans caused this dynasty to collapse. Then another Turk, Nader Shah, rid Iran of the Afghans. In 1747, he was assassinated. Civil war then broke out, placing the Zands against the Qajars. The Qajars won, and established a dynasty of the same name in 1747. All this eventually led to Imperialism. (Series Book: Cultures of the World, Iran/Iraq New York Time Editions Pre Ltd 1993) Wars caused most of the difficulty that left these nations susceptible to imperialism. Had it not been for their strategic location, Russia and Britain might never have become interested in these nations. Being situated, as it was, directly between these two warring countries, both wanted it to attack the other. Luckily for them, because of the recent civil wars, Iran was in need of finance. So it agreed to allow them to go through the country in return for loans. Both were glad to help. Britain also helped, and had been helping, with negotiations and treaties. For all this, obviously, Brit...

Theme For English B Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theme For English B - Essay Example civil war in Sierra Leone, as witnessed through the eyes of a child soldier victim; introduction of the readers to the contextual and historical setting of the story is important because it facilitates interpretation of the unfolding narrative. This story presents the narrator in New York City in 1998, years after he fled the civil war in his country Sierra Leone; the conversation that occurs between the narrator and his friends at school reveals that the narrator has suffered the horror of having to witness things that he shouldn’t have at a tender age. The story also serves to build suspense and anxiety in the readers to carry on with the story, to unfold the mysteries alluded to in the passage; in other words, this piece of story raises numerous questions in the readers’ minds, which can only be answered by reading the full story. For instance, readers are curious to know that the war was about and the role of the narrator in the war; in that case, readers are anxiou s to read the entire story, to find out the exact events that transpired in Sierra Leone, forcing the narrator to run for his life finally arriving in New York City. The first page of chapter one further builds on the effect of this passage by providing details of the stories that were told by passersby about the war in other places away from the narrator’s home. The first page gives a snapshot of the entire story by alluding to the stories of the fleeing refugees, and their horrendous experiences in war torn zones; this page gives an overview of the events that are about to unfold in the next chapters, thereby arousing readers interest. Adults in families fleeing the war zones are described as having witnessed things that plagued their minds because they appeared disoriented and lost in their own thoughts during conversations. Their kids, on the other hand, were still to recover from the shock they had suffered in their homes, having to witness despicable things in the war torn zones; these

X Files and the Existence of Highly Intelligent Paranormals Movie Review

X Files and the Existence of Highly Intelligent Paranormals - Movie Review Example X-files film is a highly dramatized American science fiction series that perfectly exposes the antagonism that exists in the security network, with a particular focus on the FBI, concerning the idea of the existence of aliens. "Tempus Fugit," which is a Latin word for â€Å"time flies,† is the title given to episode 17 of the X-Files series emerges as one of the most important parts of the entire scientific series. The episode provides a crucial platform for critical examination and understanding of the overarching mythology of the X-Files series. The episode focuses on Fox Mulder and Dana Scully who are both Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents. Scully is charged with the responsibility of handling paranormal cases. In this episode, the viewers come face to face with a strong proponent of the idea of the existence of extraterrestrial life. The death of Max Fenig, who is an old friend of FBI agent Mulder, in a plane crash, invites suspicion about the existence of extraterrestrial beings. Agent Mulder has a strong conviction that a UFO tried to abduct his old friend, thus causing the plane crash. Max Fenig is featured flying on Flight 549 over upstate New York. In the process, Fenig sees a mysterious man on the plane. The idea of the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrial life is overtly featured in this episode when a bright light hits the plane, indicating that it has encountered a UFO. When agent Mulder and Scully trace the crash location of the ill-fated plane, Mulder postulates that aliens were responsible for Flight 549’s crash. However, the NTSB team, under the leadership of Mike Millar, disowns Mulder’s allegations. The creepy idea about the abilities of aliens is displayed when Mulder and Scully discover time discrepancy between crash time and the time indicated on the wristwatches of the plane casualties. Mulder believes that Max was abducted by aliens and that he will never be found. The idea of alien existence tantalizes human minds and souls (Harding 120).